Chemistry Definition of Gas Constant (R)

Science Definition of Gas Constant (R) Science and material science conditions normally incorporate R, which is the image forâ the gas steady, molar gas consistent, or general gas consistent. The Gas Constant is the physical steady in the condition for the Ideal Gas Law: PV nRT P is pressure, V is volume, n is the quantity of moles, and T is temperature. Its likewise found in the Nernst condition relating the decrease capability of a half-cell to the standard anode potential: Eâ E0â -(RT/nF)lnQ E is the cell potential, E0 is the standard cell potential, R is the gas consistent, T is the temperature, n is the quantity of mole of electrons traded, F is Faradays steady, and Q is the response remainder. The gas consistent is identical to the Boltzmann steady, simply communicated in units of vitality per temperature per mole, while the Boltzmann steady is given regarding vitality per temperature per molecule. From a physical point of view, the gas consistent is a proportionality steady that related the vitality scale to the temperature scale for a mole of particles at a given temperature. Units for the gas consistent change, contingent upon different units utilized in the condition. One normal worth isâ 8.3145 J/mol ·K. Estimation of the Gas Constant The estimation of the gas consistent R relies upon the units utilized for weight, volume and temperature. R 0.0821 literâ ·atm/mol ·KR 8.3145 J/mol ·KR 8.2057 m3â ·atm/mol ·KR 62.3637 L ·Torr/mol ·K or L ·mmHg/mol ·K Why R Is Used for the Gas Constant A few people accept the image R is utilized for the gas steady out of appreciation for the French scientific expert Henri Victor Regnault, who performed tests that were first used to decide the consistent. In any case, its hazy whether his name is the genuine starting point of the show used to mean the steady. Explicit Gas Constant A related factor is the particular gas steady or individual gas consistent. This might be shown by R or Rgas. It is the all inclusive gas consistent separated by the molar mass (M) of an unadulterated gas or blend. This consistent is explicit to the specific gas or blend (henceforth its name), while the general gas steady is the equivalent for a perfect gas.

Aids and its History :: Free AIDS Essays

For the quick quite a while an AIDS immunization has been the key concentration in AIDS research. While the administration considers the to be as an end to the infection, however a part of the general population alongside numerous famous researchers from around the globe would contend against an immunization. The United Nations and the US military have taken steps to oversee an obligatory immunization to kids at 12 years old and every single military representative. Reports foresee a monstrous protection from a required AIDS antibody in the US. (www.newsmax.shtml) The Committtee to Protect Medical Freedom cautioned that the immunization would infact put more individuals in danger of getting the savage illness. Helps isn't care for polio or smallpox, which can happen haphazardly with no notice; the open definitely realizes how to maintain a strategic distance from this infection.      Coverage of ‘promising’ immunizations is amazingly deceptive, and those being tried so far seem unsafe and hazardous. (newsmax.com) Even with the disparencies encompassing these antibodies, the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases is supporting a HIV immunization test on babies destined to HIV-contaminated moms. The program has conceded that a little level of their preliminary candidates have to be sure gotten tainted, however now approach the best clinical consideration accessible. The accessible information on such antibodies gives no reason for testing on people. Researchers and Government authorities have been bantering on this issue for a long time now. Be that as it may, the difference of AIDS and HIV has a long and dreary history brimming with exciting bends in the road and impasse streets.      Little to nothing was thought about AIDS when it originally emitted in the late 1970s. At the point when the plague at long last arrived at recognizable extents in the mid 1980s, various theories rose. â€Å"Theories endeavoring to clarify the cause of the ailment ran from the comic to the odd: a dangerous germ got away from a CIA research facility: God sent the plague down to rebuff gay people and medication addicts: it originated from space, riding on the tail of a comet.† (newdawnmagazine.com) Though a portion of the speculations were extraordinary, a couple of hold plentiful proof. Among the speculations excused and dismissed by the legislature were those of secretive human clinical experimentation and primate infections. The administration disregarded all the risky viral manifestations that were hereditarily modified for disease research, antibody exploration, and mystery natural fighting. (newdawnmagazine.com) There are claims that the polio antibody given to Africans in the late 1950s was readied utilizing chimp kidney cells that were tainted with the progenitor infection of HIV.

Role and Function of Art Free Essays

Capacity AND ROLE OF ART IN 21st CENTURY Seminar on Esthetics: Research Assignment †Essay Abstract In 21st century, workmanship is staying up with the mechanical development while exploiting it. Job and capacity of workmanship has developed, adjusted and picked up assorted variety as far as intrigue, creation, specialization and thought. Assessment of individual, social and physical elements of craftsmanship will be talked about with models. We will compose a custom exposition test on Job and Function of Art or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now While talking about alloted jobs of today’s craftsmanship and structure, the subject will be explained with author’s genuine belief. The center point of this paper is to respond to the topic of â€Å"What is the job and capacity of workmanship in the 21st century? † FUNCTION AND ROLE OF ART IN 21st CENTURY 21st century craftsmanship is a developing field of training, research and distribution, with a ton of decent variety as far as conceptualization. This makes it significantly all the more intriguing to contemplate field of workmanship today. In the early piece of the twentieth century, what we presently call â€Å"Modern Art† became standard and at a point everything began to look regular old. Historical centers and presentation situations use to be seen as high class society by open which sets up a separation among workmanship and the watcher. Different themes that were quite examined in the late twentieth century stay essential for the 21st century workmanship and visual culture. Craft of the 21st century is influenced by globalization. The world wherein we live and work has become progressively monetarily, strategically, and socially interconnected. Supported by web and broad communications, individuals can connect with neighborhood workmanship and craftsmen by means of a gadget which has WI-FI or 3G. It is simpler to follow advancement of workmanship by month to month email refreshes from various administrations. This staggering development of interconnectivity rises with a cutting edge method of basic reasoning and academic discussion, and makes an entirely different viewpoints and thoughts to their customers. The expanded development of craftsmen across outskirts and seas has added to the intermixing of impacts. Craftsman today are routinely and unreservedly blend media and structures, settling on the decisions that best fill their ideas and needs. A portion of the fundamental individual elements of craftsmanship, for example, self-articulation, satisfaction, correspondence or stylish experimentation are still remains today, yet there are a large number of them and they change from individual to individual. Various subject, thought, untouchable, platitude and generalization have been resounding in the realm of specialists. A few craftsmen are keen on the opportunity to take care of the exceptional issues of style or strategy which interest them. Others look for the opportunity to utilize style and strategy to communicate their perspectives about society and political procedures. Once in a while a piece doesn’t need to mean anything. The importance accompanies the apparent estimation of the piece by the crowd. For instance, John Cage composed an orchestra which proceeds for four minutes and thirty three seconds of complete quietness and called it â€Å"4:33† or â€Å"Four Thirty Three†. Despite the fact that piece does exclude any sort of melodic note, it is one of the most notable traditional music bits of our century. Preservationist people group of traditional music don't consider this as a decent workmanship as it isn't speaking to its root, while some craftsmanship pundits raising voice against the presence of term â€Å"good† or â€Å"high† workmanship. Any contention and additionally protest can change the way that John Cage’s piece offers a total new encounter and viewpoint to its crowd. The crowd is the way to look at social elements of craftsmanship. It could be said, each bit of workmanship has a social capacity except if it isn't made for a group of people. Workmanship has consistently impacted human and human conduct. Craftsmanship can impact the mentalities of individuals in gatherings, influencing the manner in which they think or feel and, at last, the manner in which they act. Today’s internet based life is assuming a key job to unite society. Facebook, tweeter, myspace a like social sites has a great many clients. Historical centers, theaters and other conventional presentation situations have become screens in our room. Going-green† and the same social activism connects with its crowd by a bit of workmanship or structure. Craftsmen pulled in by the instantaneousness and availability of comprehensively organized media regularly make online tasks that welcome social cooperation. Social feel has created (and been challenged) as a basic hypothesis for examining and assessing such endeavors. Works of art and stru ctures can be images, however just structures serve a physical capacity. The specialty of â€Å"physical function† alludes to objects that are made to be utilized as devices or compartments. Engineering, the artworks and mechanical plan are a few zones where physical usefulness is inescapable. Today we have modern architects; they make anything-from earthmovers to cigarette lighters to houses to customer facing facades. Workmanship shares duty regarding the assembled condition: what it looks like and how it functions. What's more, here, workmanship implies more than decorating or enhancing surfaces. We love our dishwashers, climate control systems, programmed broilers, tile restrooms, and inherent sound system sets more than the characteristics of light and space that craftsmanship and configuration can bring to a home. The extraordinary focus on this time is to consolidate tasteful and physical functionalities in a craftsmanship piece. Expressions of the human experience can assume a critical job in directing the complexities of our lives. The craftsmanship can open a contention among differing bunches by making safe spaces for commitment, along these lines permitting new connections to flourish. It can assist us with comprehension and associate social differentiations. It adds to monetary chances and network essentialness. It improves our personal satisfaction. Through its numerous methods for articulation, the workmanship can speak loudly where once there was just quietness. As a youthful originator/craftsman, I feel fortunate to live in this century. Today, transnational progression of data makes it simpler to conceptualize and display my work. Hence, prudent entanglements are excessively powerful on craftsmen and particularly for originators. Workmanship and configuration related costumers, makers, supports and so forth who gives cash may attempt to control/direct on the last piece, or the idea, even the thought. In the event that we, as craftsmen and architects of the new time can exploit new social intelligence, it is extremely simple to connect society while not being needy to suppliers. It is still right off the bat in 21st century. Improvement of craftsmanship never halted, and never will be. Later on, we may think back and consider this to be as experimentation in joining innovation, usefulness and workmanship. It may feel like everything has been tested, done or thought at this point we keep on making, spread and expend. Craftsmanship must assume a job in the improvement of our aggregate presence. Craftsmanship must partake through visual training and influence in the advancement of mainstream perspectives which can lead in the end to a superior society. Step by step instructions to refer to Role and Function of Art, Papers

Soft skills using in public universities in Malaysia

Delicate abilities utilizing in state funded colleges in Malaysia Malaysians, particularly the organizations of higher learning, start to understand the significance of delicate aptitudes after the Higher Education Ministry acquainted the Soft Skills Module with every state funded college in August 2006. With the accentuation on delicate abilities, it has then become a need to incorporate delicate aptitudes into the undergrad programs. Such therapeutic move is made due to the expanded of graduates joblessness rate in Malaysia, just as the quick extend of employment advertise through the globalization. The alumni in training assume an incredible job in the human capital improvement one the very pinnacle of significant viewpoints in building up our nation. The intensity of our human capital is exceptionally associated with the alumni attitude and scholarly limit. Creating graduates in instruction with the basic components of delicate abilities would uplift the countrys capacity to contend with the remainder of the world. This is an absolute necessity if Malaysia expects to understand the vision of the New Economic Model, the Government Transformation Program, and the tenth Malaysia Plan (2011 2015). Without a doubt, organizations of higher learning the world over unquestionably are working their best to form graduates with aptitudes that are profoundly respected by managers and ready to add to the countrys success and social capital. Much increasingly significant is, the general public would commonly expected that other than the strong hypothetical information (hard abilities), a quality instruction graduate ought to procure extra delicate aptitudes. This equalization is the thing that gives one alumni serious edge over another. The term delicate abilities, which can likewise be alluded as procedure aptitudes, nonexclusive properties or transferable abilities, has no single definition on a specific arrangement of abilities. The general regular depictions of these aptitudes incorporate relational abilities, deep rooted learning, collaboration, authority, innovative and basic reasoning aptitudes. Every one of these characteristics can be acquired past the study hall and obviously, the course books. Hence, book training alone will no longer get the job done in building fruitful instructors. Other than outfitting themselves with information, it is likewise significant that the alumni must get useful aptitudes and great qualities. As per Chapman (2006), Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives accompanies three learning areas: Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor Domains. The Cognitive Domain includes scholarly capacity, for example, information, while the Affective Domain includes sentiments, feelings and conduct simply like mentality, and Psychomotor Domain includes manual and physical abilities. Henceforth, the estimation of TESL students information, abilities, and disposition require proper instruments, which are surely something other than the conventional pen and paper. In Malaysian setting, establishments of advanced education are seen as having a significant job in imparting delicate aptitudes to understudies. Most likely, it would be trying in the endeavors to offer an ideal learning condition. All things considered, it is significant to prepare our understudies to contend with the rest in todays quickly evolving world. Understudies ought to be balanced scholastically and actually. At the end of the day, other than recognizing what, understudies must know-how. Articulation of the Problem The framework and focal point of instruction in Malaysia has seen huge changes in the course of recent decades. The idea of colleges is changing in trying to fulfill the new needs and needs of the business every now and then. Besides, through the reevaluation of the universitys reason and job even with societys evolving goals, colleges have endeavored to explain the idea of the instruction which they offer to their understudies. This is significant so as to expand their alumni capability of commitment to the general public (Barnett 1990). The most clear endeavor where colleges have tried to verbalize their job and intention is through the depiction of their alumni characteristics, in another word, delicate aptitudes. The securing of delicate aptitudes is significant as far as improving the countries improvement and checking the most recent issues in the public eye, for example, the expanded pace of joblessness and protests about alumni exhibitions which are path underneath desires. In 2005, the Malaysian government pronounced that there were 67,000 jobless alumni, where the majority of them had graduated somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2004. About 92.6% of these jobless alumni were from state funded colleges; in opposite, just 5.3% from private establishments. Indeed, even before the country got this disturbing news, the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER 2004) had reported the consequences of a review on the employability and attractiveness of college graduates, indicating that 46.2% of state funded college graduates were jobless in 2003. The reasons refered to for the low joblessness possibilities of state funded college graduates are that they are insufficiently arranged for the activity advertise, need etymological (English capability, both oral and composed) (Lim and Normizan 2004; Chiam 2005; Norizan et al. 2006; EPU 2007; Marina 2007) and specialized aptitudes, in addition to psychological capacities (investigative reasoning, critical thinking, thinking). Numerous different nations have likewise perceived that advanced education has not met the desires for businesses (Leckey and McGuigan 1997; Bennett et al. 1999; Kember et al. 2006). The issue of graduate employability is by all accounts related with the quality and pertinence of projects offered by state funded colleges (World Bank 2007). Clearly, the proper schedule structure of state funded colleges has lacking spotlight on the mix of delicate aptitudes in the educational plan (see likewise Quek 2005; Quah et al. 2009). Not just that, the instructing approaches has likewise been mostly instructional, where the understudies are so used to get inputs as opposed to finding themselves. Studies, examines and businesses have recommended it is significant for the state funded colleges to consolidate extra delicate aptitudes into their educational program (correspondence, basic reasoning, and critical thinking). By crossing over the holes among colleges and the requests of current industry, it makes open door for understudies to be uncovered with work environment involvement with various segments (World Bank 2007). Reason for the Study The principle goal of this examination is to inspect the point of view of TESL students on the most significant delicate aptitudes for proficient turn of events. Furthermore, the examination likewise expected to research the TESL students recognition on the delicate aptitudes created by University of Malaya. The last reason for existing is to recognize if contrast exists in the degree of significance and competency in delicate abilities. Hugeness of the Study It is significant for the legislature and state funded colleges to improve the quality and employability of graduates. This investigation audits the imbuement obtaining of the delicate abilities in the educational plan of TESL the students point of view. Subsequently, it gives the general public a more clear picture on the present accomplishment of the college in spanning the holes between delicate aptitudes and the conventional educational plan. The investigation would show whether the alumni that the college delivered have a correct equalization of different capacities. Other than that, this investigation assists with increasing more extensive consideration on the significance of delicate abilities among the students. They would get more noteworthy acknowledgment that understudies are currently the two sources of info and yields (see likewise Newman et al. 2004), under the expansive element of value in advanced education. Besides, it likewise expands acknowledgment where understudy learning must be upgraded past the dominance of substance. This is significant as it guarantees the alumni to prevail in the neighborhood work showcase. Along these lines, this paper intends to reveal insight into the significance of delicate aptitudes as saw by TESL students on the job and estimations of these abilities in instructing the future teachers, trying to comprehend what esteem they ascribe to this arrangement of aptitudes. Research Questions The exploration inquiries for this examination are as per the following: 1. What are the most significant delicate abilities as seen by TESL students? 2. How do TESL students see the delicate abilities advancement by University of Malaya? 3. What is the connection between the significance of delicate aptitudes and the degrees of delicate abilities created? Foundation Writing Review What are delicate aptitudes? There are no particular abilities that are recorded as delicate aptitudes; it is being characterized contrastingly around the globe. With regards to Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute of Higher Learning deciphers delicate abilities as consolidating parts of conventional aptitudes. It incorporates non-scholastic aptitudes, for example, initiative, cooperation, correspondence, and long lasting learning. The seven qualities of delicate abilities that are presented for the organizations of higher learning in Malaysia are relational abilities, basic reasoning, critical thinking, long lasting learning and data the board aptitudes, initiative, enterprise expertise, cooperation, ethnics and ethics. To begin with, from the part of correspondence, understudies are required to accomplish familiarity while chatting in Bahasa Malaysia and English language. As graduates, they ought to have the option to communicate their thoughts with lucidity and certainty both in composed and oral structures. Beside that, they are required to be attentive people where while giving the vital reaction. Graduates ought to likewise be equipped for utilizing innovation during introductions unquestionably (Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia 2006). The accompanying quality, basic reasoning and critical thinking aptitudes, permits graduates to reflect in a basic, inventive, imaginative, and explanatory way. Not just that we need the alumni to get more elevated level of information, we likewise need them to be fit in applying the information. Components that graduates must have under this angle are the capacity to recognize and break down complex circumstance just as making assessments that are sensible. What's more, they

Goodbye Mr. Chips by James Hilton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Farewell Mr. Chips by James Hilton - Essay Example A genuine teacher won't state I show English, Math, German and so on. but instead, I show kids/understudies/students... As Kathie Chipping puts it so well, schoolmastering is so significant, wouldn't you say To impact the individuals who will grow up and matter to the world... (Hilton, 35). By all accounts, the style and strategies for the old instructor seem preservationist and regular, similar to every single great teacher, he is available to change, when it is for the acceptable, and not only for the good of its own. By fusing new thoughts, utilizing silliness, tenderness and astuteness, better outcomes are accomplished. By winning appreciation and love, such an instructor at that point turns into a motivation lastly discovers happiness and self-esteem in realizing they have worked admirably. Proof of this is appeared in the accomplishments of his understudies, his 'young men': Strife: The outward appearance of the chief clash is the energetic contention among Chips and Ralston, the youthful dean. The basic contrasts are those of qualities and inspiration. On one side, there is Ralston, effective, savage, driven, 'present day' and materialistic. On the other, is Chips, speaking to long stretches of convention, antiquated showing techniques, utilizing a respectful, ageless way to deal with what understudies ought to realize, and with an authentic devotion to their self-awareness. Ralston's position can be delineated therefore, when attempting to dispose of Chips: Your young men don't realize even what they should realize. None of them a year ago got through the Lower testament. (Hilton, 75). In trying to bring in cash, and a notoriety for himself, Chips apparent him to be running Brookfield like a processing plant, an industrial facility for turning out a pretender culture dependent on cash and machines. (Hilton, 76). He hated the consequences of such action, as Vulgar..ostentatious...all the rushed spoiled readiness of the age...no feeling of extent. (Hilton, 77). Their characters and perspectives on instructive techniques reflect contradicting values. Ralston requests 'advancement', and changes which try to show his apparent abilities in a good light, not on the grounds that it is better. Chips buys in to the view that 'on the off chance that it ain't broke, don't fix it', why make change for the wellbeing of its own, testaments don't improve individuals. In the verifiable setting, the contention happens in a time of social change. Victorian ethical quality had offered path to a frantic, rich, Edwardian wantonness. Be that as it may, an enormous hole despite everything existed between the rich and poor people. While Ralston pursued the rich for their cash and influence, Chips, affected by the communist, visionary and equitable convictions he had ingested from Kathie, sought after change which 3. would envelop instruction for each of the, a

8 Thing? to Know Before Asking f?r a S?l?ry R?i??

8 Thing? to Know Before Asking f?r a S?l?ry R?i?? Money! M?r? m?n??!! More money!!! W?g?? have been ?l?wl? climbing in th? ?riv?t? ???t?râ€"th? l?t??t U.S. j?b? d?t? f?und average h?url? ??rning? in?r????d only 1.7 ??r??nt over th? past yearâ€" but th?t? n?t lik?l? du? t? w?rk?r? ??king f?r more money.Onl? 43 ??r??nt ?f th? 31,000 respondents in a ?urv?? released last week b? P??S??l?.??m ??id theyve asked f?r a raise. An?th?r r???nt ?urv?? b? Salary.com found 55 ??r??nt ?f employees didnt ??k for more m?n?? during th? l??t 12 monthsâ€"and 23 percent have never ??k?d.In the wake of a ??ri?d ?f financial flux, m??t young ?r?f???i?n?l? ?r? just h???? to b? employed.But f?w ??nv?r??ti?n? ??n ?ff??t your career ?? much ?? ??king for a raiseâ€"no m?tt?r h?w mu?h ??u might dread h?ving th?t ??nv?r??ti?n with ??ur b???.Today, around 50% ?f ?r?f???i?n?l? fail to even ??k for a high?r ??l?r?; some b???u?? it produces t?? mu?h ?nxi?t?, ?th?r? b???u?? th?? ?im?l? don’t kn?w how.S?Fi, a fin?n?i?l t??h company th?t fir?t ?t?rt?d ?ff r?fin?n?in g student loan debt, wants t? ?h?ng? all th?t. SoFi i? l?un?hing a n?ti?nwid? initiative called Raise W??k th?t helps ??ung professionals t? d?-?tigm?tiz? the process ?f n?g?ti?ting a raise thr?ugh online seminars, career ????hing, ?nd live events in six diff?r?nt ?iti?? ?r?und th? ??untr?.“Wh?n I ?t?rt?d m? ??r??r, you didn’t h?v? t? ??k, ??u kn?w when ??u were g?ing t? get a raise, ??u knew th? promotion ?r?????; it w?? v?r? ?l??r,” ?x?l?in? SoFi’s COO, J??nn? Br?df?rd. “But now th? ???n?m? has changed so mu?h, m??t people don’t kn?w ?n? ?f those thing?. They d?n’t kn?w th?ir w?rth in the marketplace, they don’t know h?w to ??k f?r thing? th?t ?r? important t? th?m, and th?ir career i? ?n? of th? m??t im??rt?nt thing? in th?ir life.”Auth?r Jen Hubl?? Lu?kw?ldt ?h?d? light ?n wh? w?m?n m?? n?t be ?? comfortable with asking for a raise. A???rding to PayScale’s research, 30 ??r??nt ?f th? millennial w?m?n th?t w?r? ?urv???d ??id th?t th?? hadn’t negotiated a rai se because “th?? h?d received ?n? b?f?r? asking f?r ?n?.”Th?t’? gr??t, and I’m going t? let ??u fini?h â€" but 35 ??r??nt of mill?nni?l f?m?l?? were m??t lik?l? to ??? that th?? do n?t n?g?ti?t? b???u?? th?? ?r? ?fr?id ?f b?ing ???n ?? ?u?h?, whil? ?nl? 25 percent ?f mill?nni?l males ??id th? ??m?.Y?t th? Salary.com ?urv?? f?und more than half ?f ?m?l???r? fully ?x???t ?urr?nt ?nd prospective ?m?l????? t? n?g?ti?t? for more money.And according to P?????l?.??m, it u?u?ll? ???? ?ff t? ask. Th? online ??l?r? ?nd b?n?fit? Inf?rm?ti?n C?m??n? f?und th?t th? higher ??ur ?nnu?l salary, the m?r? lik?l? you ?r? t? r???iv? a raiseâ€"if ??u ??k for it.F?r ??m? ??r????tiv?: 75% of ?m?l????? who d? ask for a r?i?? ?nd up g?tting it. S? th? odds ?r? in your f?v?râ€"??u ju?t have t? d? ??ur h?m?w?rk and ??rf??t ??ur ???r???h. BUT FIR?T, SHOULD I ASK F?R A ??Y R?I???If you b?li?v? ??u d???rv? a pay raise, d?n’t b? ?fr?id t? r?i?? the i??u? â€" particularly if ??u haven’t h?d one f?r mor e th?n a ???r.C?r??r ????h Corinne Mill? ?f Personal Career M?n?g?m?nt ????: “Lots ?f ????l? complain ?b?ut th?ir ??l?r? but d? nothing. If you want m?r? money, ??u n??d to ?r???r? a bu?in??? ???? ?nd ???r???h ??ur m?n?g?r.If ??u lack confidence in ??ur ?biliti??, ??r??n?l ?nd executive ????h Dr S?ll? Ann L?w ?ugg??t? re-reading ??ur ??rf?rm?n?? r?vi?w?. “We often f?rg?t ?nd take for gr?nt?d th? thing? w?’v? d?n? w?ll, instead focusing ?n the n?t-??-g??d thing?. R?minding yourself ?f ??ur ??hi?v?m?nt? i? a great ??nfid?n?? booster â€" ?nd you’ll w?nt to talk ?b?ut your ???itiv? tr??k r???rd in the meeting t??.”Wh?n ?h?uld I ??k f?r a r?i???Th? b??t time t? ??k for a high?r salary i? when ??ur work tasks ?h?ng?, ????rding t? H?rv?rd Bu?in??? R?vi?w ??ntribut?r C?r?l?n OH?r?.Did you just ??m?l?t? a l?rg? ?r?j??t th?t will bring in ???itiv? reviews? Ar? ??u about t? take ?n more r????n?ibiliti??? Y?u w?nt to show th?t ??u deserve m?r? m?n??, ?nd th?t comes when youve m?d? a d iff?r?n?? in th? bu?in???.If youve just ?r??t?d a wh?l? bunch ?f value f?r your company, it? a gr??t tim? t? say, C?n w? share that value?' K?thl??n McGinn, professor ?f business administration at Harvard Bu?in??? S?h??l, told H?rv?rd Business R?vi?w.Of ??ur??, th?r? is m?r? t? timing th?t comes int? play than ju?t th? tim? of th? ???r. You ?l?? n??d to consider ??ur ?u??rvi??r? ??h?dul? thr?ugh?ut the w??k, The D?il? T?l?gr??h r???mm?nd?d.Monday mornings ?nd Frid?? afternoons ?r? th? worst times, ?? people ?r? getting organized on M?nd??? ?nd may not have th? ?bilit? to f??u? ?? mu?h as n??d?d ?n Frid???.You ?h?uld ?l?? ?v?id ?n? tim?? where your m?n?g?r h?? ?n im??rt?nt meeting right b?f?r? or ?ft?r ??ur?. Thi? ??uld cut int? ??ur time or he ?r ?h? may be more concerned ?b?ut preparing for th? ?th?r conference.If just raising th? subject of pay makes ??u feel nervous, Dr S?ll? Ann’s ?dvi?? is t? work out how you’re g?ing to start th? conversation. “Wh?n we’re n?rv?u? it’ ? ?ft?n th? fir?t f?w sentences that trip u? up. If ??u’r? going t? ??k your b??? f?r a meeting in ??r??n, d??id? on the w?rd? you will u?? and ?r??ti?? saying th?m ?ut l?ud. G?t ?ff t? a g??d ?t?rt, ?nd it will giv? ??u confidence for th? rest of th? m??ting.”Corinne ?dd?: “A? long ?? ??u’r? ?r?f???i?n?l ?b?ut it, ??u h?v? n?thing t? l???. Ev?n if ??ur r??u??t i? d??lin?d, ??u will h?v? reminded ??ur boss ?f ??ur achievements ?nd opened up a dialogue â€" r??d? t? r?vi?w ??ur pay again in six or 12 m?nth?’ tim?.”H?w you g? ?b?ut asking will d???nd ?n wh?th?r ??u w?rk in the ?ubli? ?r private ???t?r.Ch?rl?? C?tt?n, performance ?nd reward adviser ?t th? CIPD, the professional b?d? for HR ?nd ????l? d?v?l??m?nt, ?x?l?in?. “In the ?ubli? ???t?r, m??t workers ??? th?ir ??? ri?? through uni?n? agreeing a d??l, ?r m?n?g?m?nt agreeing a pay r?i??.“Thi? is w?rk?d out b? ??ntr?l ?r l???l collective r?w?rd bargaining, ?r by a pay review b?d?. Depending ?n wh?r? you are in ??ur grade, ??u will g?t a ??rvi??-r?l?t?d in?r?m?nt until you r???h th? t?? ?f ??ur band. If ??u w?nt more, ??u ?ith?r h?v? t? show that your j?b belongs in a higher-pay band through a ??? evaluation, ?r get a ?r?m?ti?n.”In ??ntr??t, ?riv?t? ???t?r workers ?r? m?r? likely to get a rise based ?n th?ir ??rf?rm?n??. H?w?v?r, th?r? ?r? ?x???ti?n?. “S?m? l???l ?uth?riti?? u?? ??rf?rm?n??-r?l?t?d ???, ?? if you’re considered a ?t?r ??rf?rm?r ??u’ll g?t a high?r pay ?w?rd,” ?dd? Ch?rl??.H?w do I find ?ut if I’m und?r??id? B?f?r? ??u sit down with ??ur b???, r????r?h wh?t ??ll??gu?? ?n a ?imil?r level ??rn, ?? well ?? th??? in ??m??r?bl? ???iti?n? ?t ?imil?r-?iz?d ?rg?niz?ti?n?.This w?? ??u ??n argue th?t ??ur current pay i? not in-lin? with ??m??titiv? m?rk?t rates.The fir?t ?t?? i? to look at the PayScale.com ?r S?l?r?.??m. It ?ll?w? you to ??m??r? th? average ??? for ?n? j?b or indu?tr? within ?n? l???ti?n.Sim?l? enter your job titl? and location to ??? th? ?v?r?g? ??l?r?, ?lu? t he highest ?nd l?w??t rates f?r that r?l? based on r???nt j?b ?d? ?n Gl???d??r.??m.Are Y?u Und?r??id?If ??uv? been ??nd?ring this ?u??ti?n, youre n?t ?l?n?. A 2006 survey by staffing services company Randstad USA and H?rri? Int?r??tiv? found th?t 39 ??r??nt ?f employees ?urv???d believe their salary i? l?w?r than m?rk?t r?t??, u? fr?m 28 ??r??nt ?urv???d in 2005. Meanwhile, 50 ??r??nt ?f ?m?l???r? think th? ??l?ri?? they ?ff?r are on par with th? marketplace, up fr?m 42 ??r??nt in 2005.So how d? ??u figur? out if youre really und?r??id? H?r? ?r? six steps to h?l? ??u d?t?rmin? whether ??ur? g?tting what youre w?rth.Use th? T??l?S?v?r?l r???ur??? l?t you see h?w ??ur ??? stacks up. F?r ?x?m?l?, this S?l?r? calculator or this ??n giv? ??u a g?n?r?l id?? ?f wh?r? ??u ?t?nd. The Personal S?l?r? R???rt ?r?vid?? inf?rm?ti?n b???d ?n company ?iz? (l?rg?r ?m?l???r? tend t? ??? m?r?), experience, ?dv?n??d d?gr???, location, ????ifi? industry ?nd other f??t?r?.In ?dditi?n, m??t tr?d? associat ions conduct ??l?r? ?urv???, whi?h tend to g? int? gr??t?r d?t?il f?r your ????ifi? ???u??ti?n.Keep One Foot in th? J?b M?rk?tThe b??t w?? to kn?w ??ur value i? t? b? on th? m?rk?t ?v?n if you ?r?nt l??king f?r ?n?th?r job, says L?? E. Mill?r, ?uth?r of G?t M?r? M?n?? on Your Next J?b. Youll g?t an idea of whi?h ?kill? are v?lu?d, wh?t other ?m?l???r? ?r? ?ff?ring ?nd wh?r? ??ur ??m??n? ?t?nd? as w?ll ?? m?k? v?lu?bl? ??nt??t?. And if th? ?ff?r? g??d, you might w?nt t? change jobs ?ft?r ?ll ?r u?? th? ?ff?r t? n?g?ti?t? a raise wh?r? you are.G?t Fri?ndl? with RecruitersRecruiters are ??m? ?f th? b??t ??ur??? ?f information ?b?ut th? job market, ?????i?ll? if th?? ????i?liz? in your industry. Sin?? theyre working with ?m?l???r?, th?? kn?w ?x??tl? what ?ri?? r?ng? companies ??n ?ff?r ?? well ?? the ?kill? theyre l??king for.But ??u generally need to build a r?l?ti?n?hi? with th? r??ruit?r first, which means helping th?m ?ut even if ??u arent l??king f?r a n?w j?b yourself. If ??u gi v? them th? n?m? of ??m??n? wh? might b? interested, then recruiters will ??ll ??u, because youve b???m? a g??d ??ur?? ?f information for them, ?nd theyll b? more lik?l? t? ?h?r? more information with you, Miller says.R??ruitm?nt ??n?ult?n?i?? also fr??u?ntl? carry ?ut salary surveys, as d? professional b?di?? and trade m?g?zin??.Ju?t b? careful when ??m??ring lik?-f?r-lik?. “Simil?r-??unding j?b titl?? ??n have v?r? different levels of ??ni?rit? at some ??m??ni??, ??l?r? m?? diff?r r?gi?n?ll?, and r?mun?r?ti?n ???k?g?? that in?lud? b?nu??? can b? d????tiv?,” warns D?vid Clift, HR Director ?t Totaljobs Gr?u?.Specialist recruitment firm? operating in your ???t?r are another g??d ??ur?? of information, and don’t f?rg?t to ?h??k your firm’? j?b ads to see th? ??? for ?imil?r roles.“It tends t? be newer ????l? wh? ?r? on high?r ??l?ri??. If you h?v? been with ??ur ?urr?nt ?m?l???r f?r a few ???r?, ??u m?? find that ??ur w?g? h?? f?ll?n b?hind,” says Ch?rl?? C?tt?n.When it ?? m?? t? asking what ??ll??gu?? ?r? paid, tr??d ??r?full?. Some ?m?l??m?nt ??ntr??t? include a ?l?u?? whi?h ?r?v?nt? staff fr?m di??l??ing information about ??? to third parties. H?w?v?r, thi? is unenforceable if ??ur ?ur???? for asking i? t? di???v?r a ??? di??rimin?ti?n â€" ?n th? gr?und? ?f ?g?, gender, ?r r???, for ?x?m?l?.Ni?k Smith, H??d ?f Employment ?t Min??ff? solicitors, ?x?l?in?. “Y?u are within ??ur l?g?l right? t? di??l??? ??ur ??? for th?t ?ur???? t? ??ur colleagues, or ask ??ur colleagues how mu?h th?? get ??id, and it is unl?wful f?r your ?m?l???r to vi?timiz? ??u for d?ing ??, or ??ur ??ll??gu?? for ??m?l?ing with ??ur request.”M?n?? can b? a ??n?itiv? i??u?, ?? d?n’t b? ?ur?ri??d if ??ur ??ll??gu?? d?n’t w?nt t? reveal wh?t th?? ??rn. Ev?n if th?? d?, think twi?? b?f?r? using it ?? l?v?r?g?.“T?king th?t kind ?f inf?rm?ti?n to ??ur m?n?g?r can m?k? ??u appear unprofessional,” w?rn? D?vid. “Y?u d?n’t w?nt it t? ???m like you’ve b??n g???i?ing. M? advi ce i? to talk about ??l?r? benchmarking in g?n?r?l t?rm? only â€" with?ut n?ming n?m??.”How often to I d???rv? ?n in?r???? in pay?F?r ?x?m?l?, w?rk?r? in th? UK ?r? n?t l?g?ll? ?ntitl?d to a ??? r?i?? ???h year, ?v?n if it i? an incremental raise in lin? with inflation.In?t??d, it’? u? to employers t? choose wh?th?r â€" and wh?n â€" t? in?r???? ?t?ff ???.H?w?v?r, in ?rd?r t? h?ld ?n to g??d employees, m??t companies r???gniz? the n??d to ?t l???t giv? incremental rises ?v?r? 12 months.M??t ?rg?niz?ti?n? f?ll?w a f?rm?l process â€" ????rding to an annual ??m??n??ti?n survey by M?r??r, 90 per ??nt of ??m??ni?? giv? everyone r?i??? on the same d??, ?n?? a ???r.In ?m?ll?r ?rg?niz?ti?n?, pay m?? n?t be decided at th? ??m? time f?r ?v?r??n?, but is reviewed ???rl? d???nding ?n when ??u j?in?d th? ??m??n?.“Pay reviews in ?m?ll bu?in????? t?nd t? b? m?r? ?d h??,” ?x?l?in? Charles. “Y?u may n?t g?t a ??? in?r???? f?r two or three ???r?, simply b???u?? ??ur ?m?l???r h?? not th?ught about your ??l?r? â€" ?? if ??u h?v?n’t h?d a raise f?r a whil?, it’? worth ??king.”G?n?r?ll?, ??u ??n ?x???t t? g?t (or ??k f?r) ?n incremental ??? rise ?v?r? 12 months. If ??u w?nt a rise ???n?r, you n??d a ??m??lling ???? â€" i.?. your r?l? or responsibilities h?v? ?h?ng?d ?ignifi??ntl?.In this in?t?n??, ??u m?? b? b?tt?r ?rguing f?r a ?r?m?ti?n.C?uld I get fir?d f?r asking for a raise?Of ??ur??. You ??n ?l?? b? fired for ?i?king ??ur n???, w??ring ugl? shoes, ?nd getting on the b???? n?rv??.In f??t, th? ?nl? things ??u cant be fir?d for ?r? th??? thing? th?t are ?r?t??t?d by l?w. (For instance, r???, g?nd?r, pregnancy, di??bilit? and, in?r???ingl?, F???b??k posts, although d?nt ?u?t? me ?n th?t l??t ?n?.)M??t ?f the tim? you w?nt b? fired f?r ??king f?r a r?i??, ?v?n th?ugh it? almost ?lw??? l?g?l t? d? ??. (Ex???ti?n? would be if ??u ??k in the context ?f ??inting out th?t ??u are being ??id l??? than your co-workers who perform similar tasks ?t similar ?kill levels wh? ? r? all a different race than you ?r?, f?r instance.)But, wh? w?uld thi? be a concern on ?? m?n? peoples mind??Wh?t ?n earth would make a b??? fir? ??m??n? f?r asking a ??m?l?t?l? logical and und?r?t?nd?bl? ?u??ti?n.W? ?ll w?nt t? m?k? m?r? money.Here ?r? 6 r????n? why ??u may be fired, ?r ?th?rwi?? ?uni?h?d, wh?n you ask f?r a r?i??.Y?u are in??m??t?nt ?nd dont r???gniz? it: Yes, l?t? ?t?rt with bl?ming the victim, but th?r? ?r? ??m? ??m?l?t?l? inept, in????bl? ?nd in??m??t?nt people ?ut th?r? wh? ?r? utterly ??nvin??d th?t th?? are geniuses and ?r? d???rving of hug? raises, ?r?m?ti?n? ?nd ??m??n? cars. Y?u have w?rk?d with ??m? of th??? ????l?. If ??u w?r? their managers, ??ud be likely t? w?nt to fir? th?m f?r ??king for a ??m?l?t?l? undeserved r?i??.Your r??u??t is ???n ?? ungr?t?ful: Thi? is m??t lik?l? t? happen in a ?m?ll business wh?r? th? b??? i? the ?wn?r. Sometimes these ????l? ??? th?ir employees ?? ????l? who w?uld b? h?m?l??? if it w??nt for th?ir largess in giving jobs ?ut, as if it w?r? fr?? ??nd?. They f?il t? recognize that ??ur w?rk b?n?fit? th?m. S?, wh?n ??u ??k one ?f th??? ????l? for a r?i??, th?? think ??u ?h?uld be gr?t?ful ju?t to be ?m?l???d, and when ??ur? not, it? tim? f?r ??u to hit th? road.The b??? doesnt like t? be wrong: Wh?n you ??m? ??king for a raise, ??ur? ?l?? ???ing that you think th? boss i? wr?ng. Th?t if she w?r? smart ?nd ?tt?ntiv?, ?h? w?uld kn?w th?t you deserve a r?i??. Thi? i? ?????i?ll? likely to h????n if ??u tr? to g? ?v?r thi? persons head, t? HR ?r the b???? b???. B????? lik? this take such r??u??t? ?? ??r??n?l ?tt??k?.Y?u wont t?k? no f?r an ?n?w?r: Sometimes th? ?n?w?r will b? n? ?nd ??u n??d t? l??rn t? d??l with it. Th?r? ?r? ??m? ?m?l????? who r????t?dl? ??k for r?i??? ?nd ?r?m?ti?n? ?nd ign?r? th? bosss in?r???ingl? annoyed n?g?tiv? r????n???. Wh?n ??ur? fir?d, ?r ?th?rwi?? ?uni?h?d ?ft?r you ask f?r a r?i?? f?r the 15th tim?, its not ??ur ?u??ti?n, its the annoyance of it b?ing r????t?d.Y?ur boss i? ju ?t a ??m?l?t? wh??k j?b: It? ?ntir?l? possible that ??u have the misfortune ?f w?rking f?r ?n irr?ti?n?l j?rk. Y?u m?n?g?d t? tick him ?ff ju?t th? right (wrong?) w?? by ??king and it? ?ink ?li? tim? for ??u.Y?uv? ?r???nt?d your b??? with an ultim?tum: Eith?r ??u giv? me a r?i?? or Im quitting! May w?ll result in th? b??? firing you b?f?r? you can get th?t l?tt?r of r??ign?ti?n writt?n. Onl? i??u? ultim?tum? wh?n you r??ll? mean it.Whil? it ??n be a scary ?x??ri?n??, it d???nt h?v? t? be as fright?ning.H?R? ?R? 8 THING? TO KN?W B?F?R? ASKING F?R A SALARY R?I??1. S?m?tim?? th? high??t ???ing ?ff?r isn’t th? b??t ?n?Br?df?rd suggests l??king b???nd th? ??l?r? offer ?nd analysing information ?u?h ?? company size, ?t??k ??ti?n?, ?nd th? recent gr?wth ?f th? company. “Th?r?’? ?lw??? someone wh? will ??? ??u m?r?, and I’v? l??rn?d they will u?u?ll? pay ??u m?r? b???u?? th? ??m??n? h?? ??m? i??u??,” Br?df?rd ????.“Th? high??t ???ing j?b th?t I’v? ?v?r h?d in m? lif? w?? th? b u?in??? that w?? in the worst ?h??? ?v?r. And th? l?w??t paying j?b I had w?? the ?n? with th? m??t potential in the bu?in???. Th? ?u??ti?n i?: w?uld ??u r?th?r m?k? a littl? l??? money ?r h?v? th? l??t ???t on a ?inking ?hi??”2. Y?u never trul? know until you askPr?f???i?n?l? often think delivering ?t?ll?r results will b? enough to ??rn them r???gniti?n ?nd r?w?rd fr?m th?ir ?m?l???r, but Bradford ??n’t ?tr??? enough h?w im??rt?nt it i? for ??u to always make a ???? for ??ur??lf.“Y?u mu?t create ????rtunit? f?r yourself,” Br?df?rd ?dd?. “If ??u d?n’t create it f?r ??ur??lf, ??u’r? g?ing to run int? a ?r?bl?m.”While in th? ???t, a career path w?? mu?h m?r? ?r?di?t?bl?, in t?d??’? ???n?m?, it’s essential f?r ?m?l????? t? ??n?t?ntl? ?v?lu?t? if they are truly ??hi?ving th?ir g??l? ?nd g?tting ??id wh?t th?? ?r? w?rth.“Be engaged in ??ur futur?, b? ?ng?g?d in that discussion,” ???? Bradford. “I’m ?till optimistic th?t there’s a l?t of ????rtunit? ?ut th?r? , but th? opportunity requires a much m?r? rig?r?u? plan than ?v?r b?f?r?. It ??n’t ju?t h????n t? ??u.”3. Be Sur? Your P?rf?rm?n?? Merits a R?i?? B?f?r? Y?u A?k F?r OneIf ??u’r? going to try to n?g?ti?t? f?r a bum? in ??ur ?urr?nt salary, b? ?ur? ??u can show th?t it’? warranted.On? ?f th? bigg??t mi?t?k?? that ??n ruin a ??l?r? negotiation i? n?t h?ving proof that ??u’r? indispensable to ??ur organization.“Th? bigg??t mi?t?k? I’v? ???n fr?m ?m?l????? over th? ???r? i? ??king for a raise wh?n th?ir performance i? ?v?r?g? ?r ?ub-??r,” ???? J??nn? Buickians, vice ?r??id?nt ?f ???r?ti?n? for JBA.“F?r example, I’v? h?d sales people asking for r?i??? wh?n th?? are in the red ?nd n?t able t? closeâ€"or w?r??, people wh? t?k? fr??u?nt v???ti?n?, u?? ?ll their sick d??? . . . wh? h?v? a g?n?r?l sense of ?ntitl?m?nt ?nd ?n ?ttitud? of, ‘I d???rv? a raise because I’m ju?t awesome.’ If these employees h?d ?h?wn they’re r??ll? worth th?ir salt, by ?h?wing up t? w?rk ?n tim? and working as hard as they ??uld, I w?uld h?v? given th?m a r?i??.”4. Treat It ?? a C?ll?b?r?ti?n, N?t a FightBy ???r???hing a n?g?ti?ti?n as a w?? t? w?rk with ??ur hiring m?n?g?r ?r HR d???rtm?nt r?th?r than against th?m, you’re m?r? likely to b? ?u?????ful.“N?v?r ?ng?g? in negotiation ?? ?n ultimatumâ€"an ?ith?r/?râ€"but r?th?r ?? a collaborative ?r????? and a unique ????rtunit? to create a ??m??n??ti?n ???k?g? that makes sense for b?th ??u and f?r th?m,” advises career ????h R?? C?h?n.“Establish ?ri?riti?? ?? to wh?t i? m??t im??rt?nt to ??u ?nd wh?t it?m? ??u ?r? willing t? tr?d? ?ff.”Th?n, m?k? your case ?nd ??? that ??u’r? l??king f?rw?rd to “working together” ?n thi?â€"?n? ?f th? best ?hr???? to use in a ??l?r? n?g?ti?ti?n if you w?nt to succeed.“Unl??? ??u know f?r ?ur? th?t ??u ?r? indi???n??bl?, and f?w ?f u? ?v?r ?r?, successful negotiation ?h?uld n?v?r b???m? adversarial. Th?t i? a b?d sign that the ?r????? h?? br?k?n d?wn ?r will,” C?h?n ??ntinu??.Words ?nd Phr???? t? Use in S?l?r? N?g?ti?ti?n? if Y?u W?nt to Su????d1. “I ?m excited by the ????rtunit? t? w?rk t?g?th?r.”Too often, people think of ??l?r? negotiation as a b?ttl?: ??u, trying t? get as mu?h ?? ??u ????ibl? ??n, v?r?u? ??ur employer, tr?ing t? ?t?? within budget.H?w?v?r, thi? t??? ?f thinking can b? counterproductive, ?x?l?in? Roy Cohen, ??r??r ????h ?nd ?uth?r ?f Th? Wall Str??t Pr?f???i?n?l’? Survival Guide.“Never ?ng?g? in n?g?ti?ti?n ?? ?n ultim?tum â€" ?n ?ith?r/?r â€" but rather as a ??ll?b?r?tiv? process ?nd a uni?u? ????rtunit? to ?r??t? a compensation ???k?g? th?t m?k?? sense for b?th you ?nd f?r them.E?t?bli?h ?ri?riti?? ?? to wh?t i? m??t im??rt?nt to ??u and what items you ?r? willing t? tr?d? ?ff,” C?h?n ?dvi???. “Unless ??u kn?w f?r sure that you ?r? indi???n??bl?, and f?w ?f us ?v?r are, ?u?????ful n?g?ti?ti?n ?h?uld n?v?r b???m? ?dv?r??ri?l. Th?t i? a b?d ?ign that th? ?r????? h?? br?k?n down ?r will,” C?h?n ??ntinu??.2. †œB???d ?n m? research…”It’? ?nl? n?tur?l to see if ??u ??n get a higher ??l?r? th?n th? ?n? that ??u w?r? ?ff?r?d, but it n??d? t? be gr?und?d in r??lit?.Rather th?n just thr?wing ?ut a numb?r th?t ??u think sounds ni??, ??u need t? d? ??ur h?m?w?rk on wh?t ??ur skills ?r? w?rth in ?rd?r to provide a ??m??lling ???? for ??ur ?m?l???r t? compensate you ????rdingl?. “On? ?hr??? t? u?? i? something along th? lin?? of ‘b???d ?n m? research.’Th?t shows th? other ??r??n you’ve done your h?m?w?rk ?nd kn?w what ??u’r? t?lking ?b?ut wh?n n?g?ti?ting,” says D?vid B?kk?, Writ?r/C?ntribut?r ?t Money Cr??h?r?. On? ti? t? come t? th? negotiation t?bl? prepared: get a free, ??r??n?liz?d salary estimate fr?m Gl???d??r’? Kn?w Y?ur W?rthâ„¢ calculator.3.“M?rk?t”As ??rt of ??ur r????r?h, m?k? ?ur? you know wh?t th? m?rk?t for your j?b i?, says L?b?r Employment Attorney Al?x Gr?n?v?k? ?f Gr?n?v?k?Sund?r??h PLLC.“Market r?f?r? to what th? ?m?l???? ??n ??rn if h? or she w?nt ou t on th? j?b market and f?und a n?w, ?imil?r ???iti?n,” Granovsky ????. “If ??u ?r? making $80,000, but ??uld g?t a j?b ?r?und the ??rn?r m?king $100,000, th? ‘m?rk?t’ ?ugg??t? that ??u ?r? b?ing und?r??id.”And since ??m??ni?? ?r??um?bl? d?n’t w?nt t? l??? ??u t? th? competition, th?? take that numb?r seriously.4. “Value”Value, ?n the ?th?r hand, “refers t? wh?t ??u bring to your ?m?l???r,” Gr?n?v?k? ????. “From ?n ?m?l???r’? ??r????tiv?, ???h ?m?l???? h?? t? either (1) in?r???? r?v?nu?, or (2) in?r???? m?rgin (id??ll? b?th).While ?r?b?bl? n?t as compelling ?? the j?b m?rk?t, if ??u ??n ?h?w t? ??ur ?m?l???r h?w ??u ?r? bringing ‘value’ to th? company (in th? form ?f in?r????d r?v?nu? and/or in?r????d m?rgin), ??u ??n m?k? a ??m??lling ???? f?r a r?i??.”S? if, f?r ?x?m?l?, you can ?r?v? that a n?w initi?tiv? ??u implemented earned the company $100,000, asking f?r a $5,000 r?i?? sounds a l?t m?r? palatable to your ?m?l???r.5. “Simil?rl? ?itu?t?d ?m?l?? ???”F?rg?t ?n? ?dvi?? ??u’v? r???iv?d ?b?ut n?t snooping int? your ??-w?rk?r?’ salaries â€" it ??n b? a ??w?rful d?t? point in n?g?ti?ti?n?.“Simil?rl? situated ?m?l?????’ are ????l? wh? d? what you do within th? ??m??n?,” Granovsky says. “If ??ur ???iti?n i? ‘??ni?r ????unt manager’ ?nd every other ‘senior ????unt m?n?g?r’ i? m?king m?r? m?n?? th?n ??u, this is something ??u should ?x?l?r? t??.”While ??u certainly don’t w?nt t? f?r?? ?n? ?f ??ur ??ll??gu?? to di??l??? inf?rm?ti?n th??’r? not ??mf?rt?bl? sharing, ??u ??n u?? t??l? lik? this S?l?r? calculator or this to find out what th??’r? m?king, ?nd th?r?f?r?, whether ?r not you’re b?ing fairly ??m??n??t?d.6. “I? th?t numb?r fl?xibl? at ?ll?”If ?n ?m?l???r ?ff?r? a numb?r th?t’? below ??ur d??ir?d range, ?u?hing back is essential â€" but ??u w?nt to m?k? ?ur? ??u h?ndl? it with t??t.S??ing “is that numb?r flexible ?t ?ll” i? a graceful way t? “[giv?] the ?m?l???r th? opportunity to offer m?r?, or ?v?n mention other ??rk? ??u might b? able t? g?in if a higher salary isn’t in th? ?i?tur?,” B?kk? ????.7. “I w?uld b? m?r? ??mf?rt?bl? if…”Blunt ?hr??ing lik? “I n??d” ?r “I w?nt” can be a turn-?ff t? ?m?l???r?.But ?x?r???ing ??ur d??ir?d ??l?r? with thi? ?hr??? “i? a collaborative w?? t? l?t th? recruiter ?r hiring m?n?g?r kn?w ????ifi??ll? what ??u’r? l??king f?r ?? th?? can f??u? ?n th?t dimension of ??ur j?b ?ff?r,” ???? J??h D??d?, author of Fearless Salary N?g?ti?ti?n. “Th? rest of thi? ??nt?n?? ?h?uld be a ????ifi? ??k. For ?x?m?l?, the r??t of this ??nt?n?? might b? ‘…w? ??n ??ttl? ?n a base ??l?r? ?f $60,000.’ or ‘…we ??n in?r???? th? Restricted St??k Unit ?ll?tm?nt t? 100 unit?.’ Contrast this with ??m?thing like, ‘D? you h?v? ?n? wiggl? r??m?’, which is vague ?nd ?ll?w? th?m t? ??? ‘N?’ and short-circuit the n?g?ti?ti?n,” D??d? ??ntinu??.8. “If you can do th?t, I’m ?n b??rd.”We’ll l?t ??u in on a little se cret â€" ?ft?n tim??, r??ruit?r? are ju?t as anxious ?? ??u f?r salary n?g?ti?ti?n? t? ??m? t? a ?l???.So if ??u ??n ????ifi??ll? ???ll ?ut wh?t it w?uld take for ??u to ?????t an ?ff?r, you’ll be d?ing recruiters ?nd hiring managers a favor.“When you g?t t? thi? ?h??? ?f the negotiation, ??u w?nt t? m?k? it ?l??r t? th? r??ruit?r ?r hiring m?n?g?r that saying ‘Y??’ will ?nd th? n?g?ti?ti?n ?? th??’r? m?r? ??mf?rt?bl? acquiescing,” Doody says.F?r ?x?m?l?, you m?? w?nt t? say, “I und?r?t?nd you ??n’t ??m? ?ll th? w?? u? t? $60,000. It would be gr??t to ?dd an ?dditi?n?l w??k ?f ??id v???ti?n ?l?ng with th? $55,000 ??u ?ugg??t?d. If ??u ??n do th?t, I’m on b??rd,” h? ?ugg??t?.9. “I w?uld ?r?f?r n?t t? l??v?.”This i? a g??d one for employees wh? are n?g?ti?ting r?i??? to keep in th?ir b??k ???k?t. Wh?? It comes d?wn t? th? fact th?t it’? part ?f a d?f?n?ibl? ?tr?t?g?, C?h?n ????.“A defensible ?tr?t?g? ?x?l?in? what ??u w?nt, why ??u want it, ?nd h?w it is a win/win for both ??ur b??? ?nd f?r ??u. Th? goal is to show v?lu? ?nd benefit,” C?h?n says. If a l?w ??l?r? at work is truly a dealbreaker for ??u, “get ?n offer that you w?uld be willing t? ?????t, but ?r?f?r n?t to,” C?h?n ?dvi???. “Tell ??ur boss that ??u h?v? r???iv?d ?n offer, th?t it is attractive, [but] that ??u ?r?f?r n?t t? l??v?… It i? far cheaper to give you a raise th?n t? recruit ?nd train a n?w ??ndid?t?.”But be w?rn?d: this ?hr??? ?h?uld n?t b? taken lightl?. “Kn?w that thi? i? a ri?k? ?r????iti?n: It could b??kfir?.   S? ?l???? don’t u?? it if ??u don’t r??ll? want t? l??v? or d?n’t have a b?n? fid? ?ff?r ?n the table,” C?h?n ??uti?n?.5. Am I exceeding ?x???t?ti?n?, ?r ?im?l? m??ting th?m?Your chances in?r???? the more ??ur manager values your w?rk. If ??u’r? ?im?l? getting b? ?nd meeting expectations but not g?ing ?b?v? and beyond, a ???t-?f-living adjustment t? ??ur ??l?r? might b? the best ??u can h??? f?r.But if you’re in the t?? ti?r of ??rf?rm?r? ?n ??ur t??m, your m?n?g?r is far m?r? lik?l? t? g? t? b?t for ??u to g?t ??u a ?iz?bl? increase â€" b???u?? ?h?’ll be highly m?tiv?t?d to retain ??u ?nd m?k? ?ur? ??u d?n’t jum? ?hi?.6. D? I kn?w wh?t I’ll ??? if m? m?n?g?r says n??Hopefully, wh?n ??u ??k for a r?i??, you’ll h??r a ???.But ??u might g?t turn?d d?wn, ?nd ??u d?n’t want t? b? ??ught unprepared if that h????n?.Figure ?ut what ??u’ll say in th?t case ?? th?t you’re n?t ?ut ?n th? ???t.F?r instance, ??u might ask wh?t you’d need t? do t? ??rn a r?i?? in the futur? and what a r????n?bl? time fr?m? f?r th?t w?uld l??k lik?.And wh?th?r or n?t ??u’r? h???? with th?t answer, ??u’ll b? better ?ff for being ?rm?d with th?t information.7. Think ?b?ut th? timingWaiting for ??ur ?nnu?l r?vi?w may ?l?? n?t b? th? id??l time t? ??k for a r?i?? ?? the budg?t? f?r the year m?? have ?lr??d? b??n ?ign?d ?ff.A rule ?f thumb i? t? ?t?rt t?lking t? ??ur b??? about 3 â€" 4 m?nth? b?f?r? your ?nnu?l r?vi?w.Tr ? ?nd g?ug? th? fin?n?i?l ??rf?rm?n?? ?f the ??m??n? ?nd tim? ??ur request ????rdingl?. If ??u w?rk in a ?m?ll bu?in???, asking f?r a r?i?? th? d?? ?ft?r th? ??m??n? l???? a large ????unt will ??m? ??r??? ?? in??n?itiv? ?t b??t.K??? ??ur ??r t? th? ground f?r ?r?fit ?nn?un??m?nt? or l?rg? ?li?nt win? to tim? ??ur ???r???h ??rr??tl?.There are h?w?v?r ?th?r instances when it’? ??rf??tl? ?????t?bl? to ask for a ??l?r? r?vi?w regardless of ??m??n? performance.These ??uld be if th? t??m has b??n d?wn?iz?d and ??u n??d t? ?i?k u? more w?rk as a r??ult ?r if ??u w?r? promised a salary r?vi?w ?t a ??int in time and that tim? h?? ?????d.8. C?n?id?r ??ur n?g?ti?ti?n strategyMake ?ur? ??u come ??r??? as well ?r???r?d, highlight ?l?m?nt? from ??ur ?r???r?ti?n th?t ?r? in your f?v?ur ?nd discuss th?m ???nl?.Highlight your l???lt? towards th? ??m??n?, ??ur achievements ?v?r th? l??t ???r ?nd h?w they h?v? positively ?ff??t?d th? ??m??n?. It’? im??rt?nt that ??u ?t?? ??lm and considered and ?? ???t f??db??k fr?m th?m b?f?r? negotiating furth?r.It i? ?ft?n b??t for ??ur boss to suggest a number first ?? it m?? well be high?r th?n ??u w?r? ?r???r?d t? settle f?r. If it’s lower th?n ??unt?r?ff?r ?nd suggest a ??m?r?mi?? b?tw??n th? tw? if you feel th?t i? reasonable.Fin?ll? C?n?id?r alternative ???r???h??An inn?v?tiv? ???r???h is to be m?r? proactive. Id?ntif? ?n ?r?? ?f the business that isn’t working as w?ll ?? it ??uld b?.Create a ?r?j??t and ?utlin? wh?t ??u w?uld d? differently ?nd h?w mu?h m?n?? that could save/earn th? company.Present that t? ??ur b??? and ?ff?r to run th? ?r?j??t t? it? conclusion ?n th? b??i? th?t if th? ?r?j??t i? ?u?????ful, ??ur ??l?r? g?t? reviewed.This w?? your b??? h?? a proactive id?? t? t?k? to th? ??ni?r m?n?g?m?nt ?nd it ?l?? highlights ??ur ?tr?t?gi? ?nd ?r???tiv? ?biliti??.THING? YOU SH?ULD NEVER S?? WH?N ASKING F?R A R?I??, ?R ??U RI?K N?T G?TTING ITI know th? timing i?nt gr??t butTiming r??ll? i? ?v?r?thing. If ??ur ??m??n? is ?nj? ?ing f?t profit margins, r???rd-br??king ??l?? numb?r?, ?nd un?r???d?nt?d ?x??n?i?n th?n b? all means w?lk in th?r? and ??k f?r a ??? raise.Things ?r? ?bvi?u?l? coming up r???? and ??u n??d t? ?trik? whil? th? ir?n i? h?t.But, ?n th? other hand, if th? ????l? ?n ???h ?id? ?f ??ur ?ubi?l? h?v? been let go in the l??t f?w m?nth? ?nd ?m?l????? ?r? g?tting ?-m?il? ?n a d?il? b??i? ??king if ?n??n? h?? ideas ?n how t? ?ut ???t?, th?t? usually a red fl?g.E????i?ll? ??n?id?ring th? down ???n?m? ?? of late, its im??rt?nt t? kn?w wh?r? ??ur ??m??n? ?t?nd? fin?n?i?ll? before you ??k f?r a ??? raise.W?lking int? ??ur b??? ?ffi?? the d?? ?ft?r a dismal ?u?rt?rl? r???rt is i??u?d makes ??u look un?r?f???i?n?l, ??lf-??rving, ?nd ?ut ?f t?u?h.It’s been ?v?r a ???r since m? l??t ??? riseWh?n ??ur? tr?ing to convince someone t? invest in ??u, its best t? ?v?id complaining right off th? b?t.L??k, we g?t it.Y?u h?v?nt h?d a r?i?? in thr?? ???r? despite b?ing an ?b?v? average employee, ?nd youre tic ked ?ff. It? und?r?t?nd?bl?.But you h?v? t? understand th?t unl??? ??u w?r? w?rking ?t a r?????i?n-?r??f ??m??n?, tim?? were t?ugh ?ll around.Many bu?in????? lost m?n?? and l?t? of ?m?l????? ?ndur?d f?r worse th?n ?im?l? not g?tting a ??? raise.If youre going t? f??u? ?n ??ur??lf, m?k? the ask about ??ur strengths ?nd wh?t m?k?? ??u v?lu?bl? ?? ?n ?m?l????.Harping ?n th? negative comes ?ff as lazy ?nd ??lf-?b??rb?d n?t th? m????g?? you want t? be sending t? th? ??r??n who ??ntr?l? th? ?ur?? strings.Im d?ing th? w?rk of thr?? peopleAg?in, ??ur? not t?lling ??ur ?m?l???r ?n?thing h?/?h? doesnt ?lr??d? kn?w. Its n?t that what ??ur? saying is n??????ril? wr?ng. Theres a very g??d ????ibilit? ??u ?r? d?ing the w?rk ?f multi?l? ????l?, seeing that l???ff? w?r? r?m??nt when th? economy tanked ?nd hiring h?? only r???ntl? picked b??k u? ?g?in.But wh?t youre f?rg?tting is you ?r?nt the ?nl? ?n? wh? h?? b??n im???t?d, as ??ur ??-w?rk?r? ?r? likely in th? ??m? b??t b?th th? overburdened ?n?? ?till ?t the ??m??n? and th? ?n?? wh? l??t th?ir j?b?.Highlighting your ????m?li?hm?nt? ?nd hard w?rk with?ut ??ming ??r??? ?? whin? means youll h?v? a much b?tt?r ?h?n?? ?f a few ?xtr? bucks in your ??? ?h??k.Iv? b??n h?r? for a ???r n?wCh?n??? are your b??? h?? a calendar. If not ?n th? d??k ?r w?ll, it? in a ??ll phone, tablet, or l??t??.So wh? ?r? ??u bringing u? arbitrary d?t?? th?t r??ll? m??n n?thing in th? ?nd?Unl??? you n?g?ti?t?d a ??rf?rm?n?? review ?r pay raise after a certain ?m?unt of time, being in your ???iti?n one ???r or tw? ???r? m??n? n?thing. Zip! Nada!Ju?t because ??uv? m?n?g?d t? ???u?? th? same ????? for a certain ?m?unt ?f tim? d???nt mean ??u deserve a r?i??, ?nd it h?? no b??ring ?n ??ur ??rf?rm?n??.So, if ??u g? into th?t ?ffi?? ?nd l??d with Well b???, it? b??n a ???r now ?? I want a r?i?? youre probably n?t g?ing t? get it. N?r ?h?uld ??u.Pr?v? ??ur??lf, not how l?ng ??uv? b??n th?r?.Iv? d?n? everything I was ?u?????d to d?A raise, by definition, m??n? g?tting EXTRA. So, knowing that, h?w ??n ??u ????ibl? think it? a good id?? to ??k for m?r? m?n?? simply b???u?? ??uv? done th? minimum?Keep in mind ??ur? ??king ??ur ?m?l???r t? br??k from the n?g?ti?t?d ?gr??m?nt in ?rd?r t? giv? ??u something m?r?.Und?ubt?dl? wh?n you ask f?r more m?n??, ??ur b??? will ??k you wh? ??u think ??u deserve it. If you h?v? no b?tt?r ?x?l?n?ti?n t? ?ff?r th?n Well, I d? what Im ?u?????d t?, th?n ??ur? in huge tr?ubl?. And ??u ?r?b?bl? shouldnt h?v? ??k?d for a raise in the fir?t place, b???u?? ??l?r? increases ?r? for high-performers ?nd those committed t? ?x??ll?n??.Raises are ?b?ut what youve d?n?, but th?? h?v? m?r? to do with wh?t ??ull d? in the futur?. So, if ??uv? only ?r?v?n to be a mediocre ????t t? th? ??m??n?, ??ur b??? will b? h?rd pressed t? giv? you ?n?thing other th?n wh?t ??uv? ??rn?d.I n??d a pay r?i?? b???u?? Im h?ving personal problemsHaving a b?b?? T?king care of a ?i?k r?l?tiv?? Ju?t b?ught a house and n??d t? m?k? th? mortgage ?? ?m?nt?Th??? thing? ?r? a huge d??l ?nd theyre ju?tifi?bl? at th? f?r?fr?nt of your mind, but th?? dont f??t?r into whether ?r n?t you deserve a bum? in ???.Again, when ??king your b??? f?r a r?i??, ??u need solid r????n?.S? if you h?ng your h?t ?n ??r??n?l problems that d?nt ?v?n r?l?t? t? ??ur j?b at all, youre ?ut?m?ti??ll? ?t a di??dv?nt?g?.Now instead ?f f??u?ing ?n ??ur ?r?f???i?n?l ????m?li?hm?nt?, ??ur b??? think? youre trying t? sway him/h?r with ??m? kind of ??b ?t?r?.Bosses ??n be ??m??th?ti? ?nd Im ?ur? many ?f them are ?w?r? ?f your tr?ubl?? ?nd f??l f?r you, ?????i?ll? if ??u have a g??d ?n?ugh r?l?ti?n?hi? that youve di??u???d wh?t? h????ning in th? ???t.But th?t ??m??th? d??? n?t and ?h?uld not tr?n?l?t? into a high?r salary.I w?nt a BILLION dollarsDont ask for a ridi?ul?u? amount of m?n??. And d?finit?l? d?nt d? it in the Dr. Evil voice.But seriously, ?v?n if ??uv? tim?d ??ur r?i?? request ??rr??tl?, focused on your ?r?f???i?n?l accomplishments, l?ft th? ??r??n?l ? tuff out, ?nd proved t? your b??? th?t ??ur? w?rth? of the inv??tm?nt, ?v?ntu?ll? ??ull b? ??k?d the milli?n-d?ll?r ?u??ti?n h?w mu?h money d? ??u want?S? b? prepared. The first thing ??u should d? i? u?? glassdoor salary calculator, S?l?r?.com or this t? l??k u? ??ur job title, ?lug in ??ur l???ti?n and see wh?t ??ur j?b i? w?rth. D???nding ?n wh?r? you fall in th? b?ll curve, youll want to t?il?r ??ur raise request ????rdingl?.Th?r? ?r? m?n? factors th?t go int? d?t?rmining h?w mu?h you ?h?uld ??k f?r (th? fin?n?i?l ?t?t? of th? ??m??n?, h?w mu?h revenue ??u g?n?r?t?d, h?w mu?h m?n?? ??u saved th? ??m??n?, ?t?), but merit in?r????? are generally in th? range ?f 1% t? 5%.S?, if ??ur? ?lr??d? w?ll ??id ?nd you ??k f?r a 30% in?r????, b? prepared f?r ??m? ?uzzling l??k? ?nd th? possibility ?f being laughed ?ut ?f th? r??m.In ?h?rt, do ??ur r????r?h ?nd th?n exercise ??mm?n sense and g??d judgment.“Johny ??rn? more than m? ?nd I h?v? ju?t ?? much r????n?ibilit?”Never, ever, ever compare ??ur??lf to another ??-w?rk?r.It ??nt b? ?tr????d ?n?ugh how h?rribl? ?n id?? thi? is.Fir?t ?f ?ll, it m?k?? ??u l??k lik? a bu??b?d? and g???i? h?und f?r finding out a ??-w?rk?r? ??l?r?.Second, it m?k?? you look petty and whiny, especially b???u?? it? possible Julie h?? m?r? ?du??ti?n th?n ??u, w?? a better negotiator during th? int?rvi?w process, or h?? proven herself more than ??u h?v?.But l??tl?, thi? i? YOUR r?i?? r??u??t ?nd ??rf?rm?n?? r?vi?w, so it should f??u? ?n ??u ?nd n?t ?n??n? ?l??. Instead ?f ??m?l?ining ?b?ut ??m??n? ?l??, f??u? ?n your ?tr?ngth? ?nd th? value ??u bring t? the ??m??n?.Did ??u ????rh??d a ?u?????ful project, save th? company a ton ?f m?n?? with a gr??t idea, or bring in lots ?f n?w bu?in???? Then THATS what is g?ing t? g?t you wh?t ??u want. Not a gripe-fest.Plu?, it might thr?w Juli? under th? bu? ?nd ??u?? ??m? ?ffi?? ?ng?t if ??u h?v? t? w?rk with h?r in the future.If I dont g?t a r?i?? Im ?utt? hereD? ??u lik? g?tting ultimatums?Didnt thin k ??.Look, w? know this t??ti? w?rk? ??m?tim?? ?nd diff?r?nt experts might ?dv???t? f?r a b?ld ???r???h.But w? b?li?v? the other, better methods li?t?d in thi? ?rti?l? ?r? mu?h more preferable ?nd effective th?n g?ing in gun? blazing ?nd l??ing d?wn th? g?untl?t.If you d? choose thi? r?ut?, ?ll w? ??n ?dvi?? i? dont bluff. If ??u thr??t?n to w?lk ?ut th? d??r if you d?nt g?t a raise, b? prepared to follow through ?n th?t thr??t.Oth?rwi?? ??ur b??? will know ??ur? a li?r, ?nd any futur? n?g?ti?ting leverage is all but l??t.R????N? ??U SHOULD IN?R???? YOUR W?RK?R?’ ??L?RI??Giving ??ur ?m?l????? a r?i?? now, b?f?r? ??u l?g?ll? have t?, ??n be a g??d thing f?r your ??m??n?.H?r? are thr?? r????n? you ?h?uld increase ?m?l???? pay t? help your company:It will h?l? r??ruit ?nd retain talentTh? 2015 Jobvite J?b S??k?r N?ti?n survey r?v??l?d th?t 61 ??r??nt of j?b seekers ?h???? to take a n?w j?b because ?f th? ?m?unt it ????. If ??u’r? h?ving trouble finding the right employees f?r the j ob, t?k? a h?rd l??k at th? pay you’re offering f?r the ???iti?n.Money talks, and while v???ti?n d??? ?nd excellent health in?ur?n?? ?r? ni??, it’? not going t? attract and k??? t?? talent. C?n?id?r benefits th? ??rinkl?? on t?? of th? ??l?r? cake.Unl??? th? m?n?? you’re offering i? ?w??t and ??ti?f?ing, ??t?nti?l employees aren’t going t? care ?b?ut what ?l?? ??u thr?w ?n top.Since it’s ?nl? a m?tt?r ?f time b?f?r? minimum-wage l?w? change, in?r???ing wh?t ??u ??? n?w will help ??u stand ?ut t? job ???k?r?. Draw in t?? talent b?f?r? it’s t?? l?t? ?nd th??’r? w?rking for somebody else.Em?l????? ?r?n’t ?r?du?tiv? if they’re ???r?hing f?r b?tt?r j?b?P?rf?rm?n?? d???nt ju?t dr?? a bit wh?n ?n ?m?l???? d??id?? t? l??v? or ?t?rt l??king f?r m?r? lucrative employmentâ€"it throws itself ?ff a ?liff.Aft?r ?ll, research ?h?w? that happy ?m?l????? ?r? r???rt?d t? be 12% more ?r?du?tiv? th?n th?ir less-than-enthused ??unt?r??rt?.Prove t? your ?m?l????? that ??u v?lu? them ?v? r ??m??n? ?r?fit?D? thi? ?nd th??’ll r?w?rd you f?r it b? returning th? ??ntim?nt in kind.Say h?ll? to high?r morale, l???lt?, ?nd ?ng?g?m?nt. J?n Mur?nk? expresses this id?? b??utifull?, writing th?t, “P???l? are m?tiv?t?d b? m?n?? only up to a ??rt?in ??int. Aft?r th?t, m?r? int?ngibl? thing? like feeling v?lu?d, ???r??i?t?d, ?nd r???gniz?d t?k? over.”It im?r?v?? ?m?l???? ??ti?f??ti?nIf ??u want ??ur ?m?l????? t? ??rf?rm well, ??u need t? t?k? th?ir h???in??? ?nd h??lth int? consideration. H?l?ing ?m?l????? m?n?g? ?tr??? g??? a l?ng w?? in im?r?ving th?ir ??ti?f??ti?n ?nd ??rf?rm?n?? ?t w?rk.Employers h?v? d?n? a l?t t? ?n?ur? workers are m?int?ining a work-life b?l?n?? b? ?ff?ring things ?u?h ?? flexible h?ur?. But that’s not wh?t’? r??ll? stressing ?ut employees.In a 2015 r???rt from th? Am?ri??n Psychological Association, 72 percent ?f respondents reported f??ling ?tr????d about m?n?? ?nd 22 percent ??id they ?x??ri?n??d extreme ?tr??? over finances.Increasing th? ?m? unt ??u ??? your employees will n?t ?nl? ?ll?vi?t? th?ir present ?tr???, but also help th?m f??l more ???ur? ?b?ut th?ir futur??.The aforementioned CareerBuilder ?urv?? found th?t 36 ??r??nt of w?rk?r? surveyed do n?t ??rti?i??t? in a r?tir?m?nt ?l?n and 28 ??r??nt w?r? un?bl? to set aside m?n?? f?r savings last ???r.Th? best w?? to h?l? your ?m?l????? m?n?g? th?ir fin?n?i?l ?tr??? i? t? h?l? them m?k? ?nd? m??t. It will improve th?ir productivity and ??ti?f??ti?n because they’ll n? l?ng?r b? di?tr??t?d b? fin?n?i?l problems.The high?r th? ??m??n??ti?n the high?r the expectationsIf you ??? ?m?l????? generously then ??u can ?x???t more from th?m ?nd h?ld th?m t? a high?r standard.Th?? will ?l?? ?x???t more fr?m themselves. If ??u want ????l? t? jum? high, ??t th? bar high.Y?u ??nt ?x?it? top ??rf?rm?r? with l?w ?x???t?ti?n?.P?? your ?m?l????? w?ll ?r ??ur ??m??titi?n will in?t??dStep u? ?r risk losing ??ur b??t ????l? t? ??m??tit?r?.It giv?? them a huge advantage whil? you l??? one f?nt??ti? employee ?ft?r another a l??? which ??uld ?ff??t ??ur bu?in??? m?r? than you think. Hum?n R???ur??? In?. ???? it b??t.It im?r?v?? ??ur ??m??n? brandA l?t ?f ??m??ni??’ worry th?t raising th? minimum wage will m??n th?? h?v? t? r?i?? ?ri???, ?nd th?t will push ?u?t?m?r? ?w??.D???nding ?n how ??u d??id? t? f??ilit?t? high?r pay, ??ur costs ?nd ??ur ?ri??? m?? go up. But th?t doesn’t m??n ?u?t?m?r? will be ???r?d ?w?? fr?m ??ur brand.A 2015 report fr?m th? H?rt R???ur?? A????i?ti?n f?und that 75 ??r??nt of Am?ri??n? ?u???rt in?r???ing th? minimum w?g? to at least $12.50.Taking th? l??d ?nd in?r???ing ??ur employees pay b?f?r? its f?d?r?ll? m?nd?t?d will do w?nd?r? f?r ??ur PR.You ??uld attract even m?r? ?u?t?m?r? b? ?r???tiv?l? ?h?nging w?g?? because it’s the right thing, r?th?r th?n b???u?? you have t?.Also, think ?b?ut th? t???? ?f employees ??u ??? hourly, ?u?h ?? customer-service representatives ?nd receptionists. Th??? are th? types of ?m?l????? that h?v? ?ignifi ??nt interaction with ??ur ?u?t?m?r? and ?li?nt?.Th?? ?r? the face ?f ??ur ??m??n? brand. It’? im??rt?nt th?t th?? b?li?v? in ??ur ??m??n?, so th?? can d? a great job in making ??ur ?u?t?m?r? h????.Aft?r ?ll, a h???? customer is a r????t ?u?t?m?r.“Im th? fir?t t? ?dmit thi? whole ??l?r? thing is g?tting ?ut ?f ??ntr?l. In th? final ?n?l??i?, it? ?till ?b?ut the w?rk “. Jim Carrey

Negative and Positive Performance of Diageo - 275 Words

Negative and Positive Performance of Diageo (Research Paper Sample) Content: Analysis of DIAGEO PLC [Name][Course]July 12, 2012.Introduction DIAGEO PLC is a company that deals with drinks. It was formed through the merging of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan in 1977. It is the11th largest company in the U.K. It is a successful company that supplies a wide range of brands to its customers. It operates in the branded beverage alcohol industry. Its operation is at a world wide level. It is a worlds greatest producer and distributor of wines, beer and branded premium spirits. The premium brands that it produces include Guinness stout, Johnnie Walker scotch, Captain Morgan rum, Smirnoff Vodka, Tanqueray gin and Baileys Original Irish Cream Liquer.scotch whisky. It has a lot of markets all over the world, with North America as the main source of market. The company carries out many activities, which affect their stakeholders both directly and indirectly. These factors and activities have extensively discussed in the essay.Social Intangible There are many social effects that come as a result of existence of this company. For example, the acts that the company engages in effect the general perception of the public. This is because the success of the company causes it to be emulated by many people. Therefore, any social impact by the companys action occurs in large scale. To start with alcohol is a product that directly affects the social well being of a society. Therefore, a company as large as DIAGEO PLC this one must have social implications on its consumers. These effects raise different views from people all over the world. Some have a negative thought and perception of the company while for others; there is the positive side of the same. This creates a wide range of views of the company with regards to the social lives of people. Therefore, this is a topic that is worth discussion.There is a negative impact on the society as a result of alcohol consumption. This is because alcohol consumption is associated with immorality and loss of values by its victims. Most of the people who take alcohol end up with health, as well as social issues. Recent research shows that about 2.5 million people die every year as a result of alcohol consumption. The weakening of the immune systems of most individuals is also associated with the consumption of alcohol. Once an individual has excess alcohol in his/her system, it impairs their judgment. This causes their decisions to be irrational. For example, the spread of HIV and AIDS is propelled by the use of alcohol. This is because it causes people to engage in irresponsible sexual behavior. This is the main cause of the fast spread of the disease. The company has suffered criticism from all many groups of people due to its continuous supply of alcohol. However, this is a business institution like any other. Therefore, its main aim is profit maximization. The issues of moral values are secondary to such companies. However, such actions are considered unethical by the m embers of the society. This is because any business should strive to make sure that it takes care of the well being of the members of the society.Examples of Negative and Positive Performance DIAGEO PLC fulfils a wised range of social needs for people all over the world. One of the social needs that the company has satisfied is the need to have fun and get entertained. The demand for alcohol in the society has continually increased with the increase in the number of stressful activities going on in the everyday life. There are numerous time consuming and difficult jobs which cause the people in the society to suffer from fatigue and stress. Therefore, these people need relaxation. It mostly occurs during the weekends. This enhances socialization between people of different areas. In most celebrations, especially in the festive season, wines and beer from the company is used s a source of fun. This also applies to national and international executive meetings. People use wine as the y have talks with each other on various areas of employment. Some societies also need wine for religious purposes. All this demand for alcohol is fulfilled by this company every other day. This is an enormous success on the companys part in the satisfaction of consumers. The company has about 80 offices all over the world. It supplies the alcoholic beverages to over 180 countries. This shows the extent to which the company has gone in satisfying the consumer needs. In the company, there are other areas that are required to make improvements. To start with, their product is not well distributed all over the world. It only covers 180 countries in of the world. A lot of its products are supplied to North America. This can cause excessive consumption of alcohol in the regions that are covered with the supply. Therefore, the management of the company should consider restructuring their distribution patterns. They should make sure that they supply as many countries as possible. Also, the y need to establish more offices in the countries that do not have them. This shall ensure that the company is represented in as many countries as possible.There have also been a number of irresponsible decisions by the management of the company. The making of such reckless decisions can cause the loss of numerous potential customers, as well as supporters. For example, it had been rumored that the company was restructuring in order to evade taxes. This is quite a wrong motive in the restructuring of a company. Restructuring should only be based on what is best for the company, but in the right path. Therefore, this was a wrong decision on the management and should not be repeated. The other reckless decision was made in 2012. DIAGEO PLC had threatened to withdraw their funding from BII Scotlands annual awards if Brew dog was named as the winner of the award of the best bar operator. This is a wrong way to combat competition by a large company. The management should only focus on d oing the right things. These include consumer satisfaction, compliance with government rules, monitoring its activities, as well as many other activities. About the competition for awards, the decision should be left to the right people to make the decision. This decision should not be affected by threats of any kind. Therefore, this was a wrong move on the management part of the company. Recently, the company was involved in issues of bribery. It had been accused with bribing of officials from India, Korea and Thailand. They agreed to pay more than 16 million dollars to US authorities for the settlement of these allegations. These are some of the activities which create a negative impact and tarnish the name of any company which has had an excellent reputation in the past. There have also been recent claims by shareholders about the management decisions. For example, the shareholders recently complained of the executive pay. They did not support the drinks compensation plans for t he top executives in the group.Impact of the Company on Stakeholders Every action carried out by the company has an impact on the stakeholders. These stakeholders include people such as consumers of alcohol, the families of these consumers, as well as the people working for the company. Therefore, any company should consider all these stakeholders before making any decision. To start with, this is a company that employs thousands of workers. Therefore, it can create a lot of employment opportunities, as well as render a lot of people unemployed. For example, in 2009, the company announced that it would be closing Johnnie Walker. Estimates showed that this would render about 700 workers unemployed. This decisions impact was immediately felt judging from the reactions that were exhibited by people all over the U.K. The complaints came from the press, politicians, and the local people. It even caused campaigns against the decision by the labor MP, as well as other locals. These were w orkers who were initially waiting for a salary on a regular basis. Therefore, such an act would have an adverse effect on the social lives of these employees, as well as the people surrounding them. On the same employment point, the employing of many workers prevents them from engaging in unscrupulous ways of living in the cities. This is because it ensures that numerous people are busy and have a source of income. However, when poor management occurs and forces the closure of some branches, as well as brand production, many people are rendered unemployed. This results to alternative ways of earning a living. Some of these alternative ways could be morally unacceptable in the society. Therefore, this creates a negative social impact on the people. The other stake holder that can be affected by the activities of the company is the government. This is a large scale company whose operations take place at a world wide level. Therefore, its actions have enormous effects on the economy o f a country. When the aim of a government is creating more employment, it is companies like these that make it happen. However, these large companies have the potential to affect the government negatively. The revenue of a government is largely boosted by this company. This is mainly through taxation. However, the company may sometimes forget its social, economic and moral obligation, as a result, on focusing so much on the profit. For example, in the year 2009, it was reported that the company had restructured itself to avoid the payment ... Negative and Positive Performance of Diageo - 275 Words Negative and Positive Performance of Diageo (Research Paper Sample) Content: Analysis of DIAGEO PLC [Name][Course]July 12, 2012.Introduction DIAGEO PLC is a company that deals with drinks. It was formed through the merging of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan in 1977. It is the11th largest company in the U.K. It is a successful company that supplies a wide range of brands to its customers. It operates in the branded beverage alcohol industry. Its operation is at a world wide level. It is a worlds greatest producer and distributor of wines, beer and branded premium spirits. The premium brands that it produces include Guinness stout, Johnnie Walker scotch, Captain Morgan rum, Smirnoff Vodka, Tanqueray gin and Baileys Original Irish Cream Liquer.scotch whisky. It has a lot of markets all over the world, with North America as the main source of market. The company carries out many activities, which affect their stakeholders both directly and indirectly. These factors and activities have extensively discussed in the essay.Social Intangible There are many social effects that come as a result of existence of this company. For example, the acts that the company engages in effect the general perception of the public. This is because the success of the company causes it to be emulated by many people. Therefore, any social impact by the companys action occurs in large scale. To start with alcohol is a product that directly affects the social well being of a society. Therefore, a company as large as DIAGEO PLC this one must have social implications on its consumers. These effects raise different views from people all over the world. Some have a negative thought and perception of the company while for others; there is the positive side of the same. This creates a wide range of views of the company with regards to the social lives of people. Therefore, this is a topic that is worth discussion.There is a negative impact on the society as a result of alcohol consumption. This is because alcohol consumption is associated with immorality and loss of values by its victims. Most of the people who take alcohol end up with health, as well as social issues. Recent research shows that about 2.5 million people die every year as a result of alcohol consumption. The weakening of the immune systems of most individuals is also associated with the consumption of alcohol. Once an individual has excess alcohol in his/her system, it impairs their judgment. This causes their decisions to be irrational. For example, the spread of HIV and AIDS is propelled by the use of alcohol. This is because it causes people to engage in irresponsible sexual behavior. This is the main cause of the fast spread of the disease. The company has suffered criticism from all many groups of people due to its continuous supply of alcohol. However, this is a business institution like any other. Therefore, its main aim is profit maximization. The issues of moral values are secondary to such companies. However, such actions are considered unethical by the m embers of the society. This is because any business should strive to make sure that it takes care of the well being of the members of the society.Examples of Negative and Positive Performance DIAGEO PLC fulfils a wised range of social needs for people all over the world. One of the social needs that the company has satisfied is the need to have fun and get entertained. The demand for alcohol in the society has continually increased with the increase in the number of stressful activities going on in the everyday life. There are numerous time consuming and difficult jobs which cause the people in the society to suffer from fatigue and stress. Therefore, these people need relaxation. It mostly occurs during the weekends. This enhances socialization between people of different areas. In most celebrations, especially in the festive season, wines and beer from the company is used s a source of fun. This also applies to national and international executive meetings. People use wine as the y have talks with each other on various areas of employment. Some societies also need wine for religious purposes. All this demand for alcohol is fulfilled by this company every other day. This is an enormous success on the companys part in the satisfaction of consumers. The company has about 80 offices all over the world. It supplies the alcoholic beverages to over 180 countries. This shows the extent to which the company has gone in satisfying the consumer needs. In the company, there are other areas that are required to make improvements. To start with, their product is not well distributed all over the world. It only covers 180 countries in of the world. A lot of its products are supplied to North America. This can cause excessive consumption of alcohol in the regions that are covered with the supply. Therefore, the management of the company should consider restructuring their distribution patterns. They should make sure that they supply as many countries as possible. Also, the y need to establish more offices in the countries that do not have them. This shall ensure that the company is represented in as many countries as possible.There have also been a number of irresponsible decisions by the management of the company. The making of such reckless decisions can cause the loss of numerous potential customers, as well as supporters. For example, it had been rumored that the company was restructuring in order to evade taxes. This is quite a wrong motive in the restructuring of a company. Restructuring should only be based on what is best for the company, but in the right path. Therefore, this was a wrong decision on the management and should not be repeated. The other reckless decision was made in 2012. DIAGEO PLC had threatened to withdraw their funding from BII Scotlands annual awards if Brew dog was named as the winner of the award of the best bar operator. This is a wrong way to combat competition by a large company. The management should only focus on d oing the right things. These include consumer satisfaction, compliance with government rules, monitoring its activities, as well as many other activities. About the competition for awards, the decision should be left to the right people to make the decision. This decision should not be affected by threats of any kind. Therefore, this was a wrong move on the management part of the company. Recently, the company was involved in issues of bribery. It had been accused with bribing of officials from India, Korea and Thailand. They agreed to pay more than 16 million dollars to US authorities for the settlement of these allegations. These are some of the activities which create a negative impact and tarnish the name of any company which has had an excellent reputation in the past. There have also been recent claims by shareholders about the management decisions. For example, the shareholders recently complained of the executive pay. They did not support the drinks compensation plans for t he top executives in the group.Impact of the Company on Stakeholders Every action carried out by the company has an impact on the stakeholders. These stakeholders include people such as consumers of alcohol, the families of these consumers, as well as the people working for the company. Therefore, any company should consider all these stakeholders before making any decision. To start with, this is a company that employs thousands of workers. Therefore, it can create a lot of employment opportunities, as well as render a lot of people unemployed. For example, in 2009, the company announced that it would be closing Johnnie Walker. Estimates showed that this would render about 700 workers unemployed. This decisions impact was immediately felt judging from the reactions that were exhibited by people all over the U.K. The complaints came from the press, politicians, and the local people. It even caused campaigns against the decision by the labor MP, as well as other locals. These were w orkers who were initially waiting for a salary on a regular basis. Therefore, such an act would have an adverse effect on the social lives of these employees, as well as the people surrounding them. On the same employment point, the employing of many workers prevents them from engaging in unscrupulous ways of living in the cities. This is because it ensures that numerous people are busy and have a source of income. However, when poor management occurs and forces the closure of some branches, as well as brand production, many people are rendered unemployed. This results to alternative ways of earning a living. Some of these alternative ways could be morally unacceptable in the society. Therefore, this creates a negative social impact on the people. The other stake holder that can be affected by the activities of the company is the government. This is a large scale company whose operations take place at a world wide level. Therefore, its actions have enormous effects on the economy o f a country. When the aim of a government is creating more employment, it is companies like these that make it happen. However, these large companies have the potential to affect the government negatively. The revenue of a government is largely boosted by this company. This is mainly through taxation. However, the company may sometimes forget its social, economic and moral obligation, as a result, on focusing so much on the profit. For example, in the year 2009, it was reported that the company had restructured itself to avoid the payment ...

Sustainability And The Worlds Ecology - 1812 Words

While Sustainability and the world s ecology are a well-known topic in most countries these days we are nonetheless a long way from achieving the measures of progress needed to gain a big difference to the universe. There are many factors that contribute to this lack of progress, such as low government funding or personal struggles with financial issues that prevent the use of more sustainable options and a generational gap of knowledge and education. These are some of the contributors to the limitations of education on this subject that will be looked at more in-depth further on. Benefits to ecological education now and into the future are that it aids to create critical thinking and empathy towards our surroundings. It gives thought to†¦show more content†¦When you book a plane ticket they call for you to pay more money to help render the trip more sustainable, but why would you do that as its cheaper not to pay that extra money, things like this should be the contrary of what they are and you would discover more people willing to be sustainable if it is not costing them extra. This is where government funding should be stepping up helping the average person realize the modification. Schools call for funding to make sustainability an everyday function not just a topic they learn in a schoolroom. Their whole environment needs a makeover to replicate how we want our sustainable world to look, edible gardens need to be carried out so the children have a responsibility to care for and produce food for themselves, recycled and reused resources should be the foremost to be chosen, it necessitates to be second nature and easily accessible for schools to be ecologically literate and while we accept these limitations stopping us making this outcome we cannot truly go ahead. In the Australian Curriculum the cross curriculum priority is sustainability, however there is a vastly restricted depiction of unequivocal explanation of training that will ensue in th e specified national objective of effective, educated people who work for

Racism Has Gone Back Underground By Richard Pryor - 952 Words

There s a lot more hypocrisy than before. Racism has gone back underground. Richard Pryor. This quote is a GREAT example of the current disadvantages black families are facing today and have been facing for a lifetime. In the 1910 blatant racism to an individual’s face was something to chide someone about, but the racism hidden in our social structures have remained and is continuing to thrive. Structural racism in the U.S is defined as the normalization and legitimization of an array of dynamics that routinely advantages whites while producing cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for people of color (Lawrence, Keleher). It is found in institutions such as, education, politics, and economics. As a mixed-status family the individuals in my family have faced many disadvantages and some advantages at the hands of structural racism. It affected our access to Housing, the labor market, healthcare, and education. I asked four of my family members about their personal experience w ith structural racism and I will also include my experience in this paper. To begin, housing discrimination is discrimination based on protected class status, race, ethnicity and so much more in the realm of housing and real estate. It can lead to racial segregation and housing inequality. It began to occur in the United States after the abolition of slavery as part of federal law. In 1934 the Federal Housing Administration, also known as FHA was introduced and was possibly the most heinous of all

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The Portrayal of Differences in Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw...

Examine the portrayal of â€Å"difference† (e.g physical limitations, mental illness, race, class, or sexual identity) in at least two literary works you have studied. It can be noted that throughout both texts difference can be found portrayed in different ways. The texts I will be focussing on are Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood. Whether it be the difference in class between Eliza Doolittle her father and her mentors Mr Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering or in the case of the Handmaids tale of Offred status in class in comparison to the Commander and his wife. Difference can also be noticed by the different occupations and titles denoted by people in the different texts such as â€Å"doctor† and â€Å"commander†. This essay shall also explore how noticeable the differences are of Eliza, before she became a lady and how the difference between the normal life and now the Gilead regime. Of the three questions offered I felt that this one in particular stood out as having the most links between each other with the portrayal of difference in both texts being noticeable. The difference in class is particularly apparent in The Handmaids Tale in which people are denoted by colours according to their rankings. In the case of Offred she is denoted by dressing all in red to recognise her fertility and ripeness. However Offred also sees this as a connotation of blood, sometimes being something of a life force for her, yet also associating it with violence and

The Need for Mass Media Free Essays

Are there still mass media? The easy and immediate answer would be an absolute yes. However, the difficulty comes from substantiating the answer. For the purposes of this paper, mass media will be defined using Boeren’s (1994: 122-123) classification of media. We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Mass Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to him, mass media refers to â€Å"all media that enable one to disseminate ideas to large audiences through technological/electronic means†. Included here are printed medium of communication (books, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc.), recordings, radio, television, film, cassette, video programs, and the most recent information-carrying technology—the internet. Mass media here was also differentiated by Boeren from other channels of communication. These are media generated by the human body (verbal language, facial expressions, body decorations and the likes), objects or substances used in transient communication (Morse code, horn signals, perfume, etc.), objects or substances used to deposit and express ideas (architecture, ornaments, paintings, etc.), and complex media that refers to rituals and the performing arts such as songs, puppet shows, theater and the likes. To support the answer posed above, there is mass media and it is here to stay.   This is on the basis of, first, mass media play an important role in a democratic society wherein â€Å"the welfare of an entire nation depends on the knowledge and good judgment of the majority of individuals† (English Hach 1968: 259). In support of this, the University of Washington (2000), in its article â€Å"What is the role of the media in the United States?† stated that media support democracy. This is done in a way wherein the media serve as a significant source of information. Through the information (and competing ideas) circulated by the media, people are then able to govern themselves or able to make their own decisions. Furthermore, mass media provide the general public â€Å"with the information it needs to function as a democracy† (Stay 1999). With this, it could be said that being a model country where its citizens enjoy democratic space, the United States of America will always consider media outlets as key structures or institutions for maintaining democracy in its ideal state. Second, there is a need to examine the role of mass media in a society. If those roles are still satisfied, then, it could be well validated that there is still mass media. For this paper, the roles of the media outlined by Voelker, F. and Voelker, L. (1978) were referred to. These are Informers or providers of information, Entertainers or providers of pleasure and enjoyment, and Persuaders or could be referred to as shapers of perception/public opinion and behavior. Mass Media as Informers News source for Americans has evolved over the past decades. Americans used to rely largely on print medium (mainly newspapers). Then the radio innovated how the public get their news from black and white printed paper. Then came television. And since then, it could be said that television has been the number one source of news compared to newspapers and radios. That TV is the primary source of news for Americans should not come as a surprise. In its study, the Arizona State University gave some data showing that TV sets are a fixture in American households (Arizona State University, n.d.). Data shows that 98.3% of households have TV sets, 65% have cable TV, TV sets are turned on for an average of 7 hours each day and that an average American spends 2.5 hours a day in front of TV. Aside from this access, news on TV is more available around the clock wherein we have early morning shows, noon newscasts, late night news and news breaks in between regular TV programs. In addition, TV is viewed as a source for international and national news while newspapers as source of local information. Meanwhile, with the advent of the internet, it is not yet defined whether this new technology has overtaken TV as the primary source of news. But data shows that over 2.5 million Americans are watching less TV this year compared in 2006 (Bauder c.2006). This decline has not been attributed to the internet replacing TV as a source of information (or other TV programs) but one of the factors being speculated upon is that more shows are either being downloaded or streamed. Mass Media as Persuaders With scores of discussion debating over the effects of media content, the point that mass media shapes individual or collective perception and behavior could not be disregarded. Gans (n.d.:236) stated that news, as an example of media content, â€Å"does not limit itself to reality judgments; it also contains values or preference statements.† With this, Gans forwarded that underlying the news lies â€Å"a picture of nation and society as it ought to be.† For example, a protest march pictured as a disruption to public order, would be considered more news worthy and placed in headline news. On the other hand, a family murder that claimed three victims is less news worthy would be placed in local news. The way how news stories are prioritized and presented in turn shapes the public’s perception on what social disorder is. On a different note, Klapper (1967:331-333) believes that mass media mainly strengthen the views the audience have. One factor leading to this situation is that generally, people lean to (watch, listen, read) materials that advocate the same views that they have. Similarly, people tend to ignore materials that are conflicting or opposing to their own judgment. Aside from the reinforcement power of mass media, Klapper also believes that the media is effective in creating opinion on new issues. He explained that when an individual has no predisposition on an issue, that individual would be vulnerable to adapt an opinion presented by any mass medium. That created opinion would be easy to reinforce and then hard to change. Now we go to the media as shapers of behavior. Some of the critics about media content pertain to their effects on the behavior of target audience particularly on issues such as violence, alcoholism and the likes. A research study by Atkin, Hocking and Block (1981:280-289) was used to support the idea that mass media indeed affect the behavior of its target audience. They used a correlational survey design to determine if advertising of alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine and liquor encourage non-drinkers to drink and encourage moderate drinkers to drink more. The questionnaires were distributed to 665 students from seventh to twelfth grades in the states of Michigan, California, New York, and Georgia. Over-all results of the study showed that the relationship between exposure to advertisements and liquor is strongly positive. Also, non-drinkers immensely exposed to alcohol ads expressed intentions of drinking when they get older. The difference between those who intended to drink and the opposite is a significant 26%. Mass Media as Entertainers Apart from its functions as providers of information and shapers of perception and behavior, there is no doubt that mass media also largely function as entertainers. Americans turn to different forms of mass media to enjoy, to relax or to simply spend leisure time. The expansion of leisure time in the twentieth century according to De Fleur and Dennis gave way to Americans’ â€Å"growing interest in various forms of recreation and entertainment: (1981:212). This could be attributed to reasons why most commercial TV shows (75%) are made for entertainment while the remaining 25%   accounts for the news and public affairs, educational and cultural programs and religious programs. They also classified entertainment programs that Americans watch such as dramas, situation comedies, variety and talk shows, personality and game shows, soap operas, children’s programs, movies, specials, sports and special events, and docudramas (1981:190-196). Aside from TV programs, it is also worth noting the movies or motion pictures as channels for entertainment. As early as the 1920s, Jowett (1976, quoted in De Fleur Dennis 1981:212) stated that the movies â€Å"had become the largest and most widespread commercial entertainment form the world had ever known†. By that time onwards, the movies have become a multi-billion dollar industry. Of course, the business would not have been that successful if it had not been for the millions of audience patronizing them. Meanwhile, the print media was never behind when it comes to its role as entertainers. Newspapers and especially magazines make space for materials that offer amusement to the audience. And to complete the package, there is the internet, which makes available online versions of print materials, music, music videos, TV shows, and movies on the World Wide Web. Of course, the internet also offers other types of entertainment that are not offered by the aforementioned mass media such as online games, social networking and others. So are there still mass media? Definitely. To conclude different channels of communication—mainly print media, TV, radio, and the internet—are still prevalent today. The roles or functions of mass media in American society are satisfied because the public has a need for them. Americans are hungry for news and information. They continue to seek information, which consciously or unconsciously reinforce their views on various issues. In addition, Americans continue to turn to mass media as a source of entertainment. No mass medium has been obsolete since it was introduced decades ago. Mass media technology continues to be sophisticated and in the near future, we might be introduced to new channels of communication. Bottomline is, mass media provide distinct social needs of the Americans and that is why these channels of communication are here to stay, up until the next century or even forever. List of References Boeren, A. (1994) In Other Words†¦ The Cultural Dimension of Communication for Development. The Hague: Centre for the Study of Education in Developing Countries (CESO) English, E. Hach, C. (1968) Scholastic Journalism. 4th ed. Iowa: The Iowa State University Stay, B. L. (ed.) (1999) Opposing Viewpoints: Mass Media [online] available Gans, H. J. (n.d.) ‘The messages behind the news’ In Media in Society: Readings in Mass Communication. ed. by Deming, C. J. Becker, S. L. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company: 243 Arizona State University (n.d.) Mass Media Society: A Sociological Perspective on Media [online] available from http://www.public.asu.edu/~zeyno217/365/notes1.html [17 November 2007] Klapper, J. T. (1967) ‘Basic Research in Persuasion and Motivation’ In Mass Media: Forces in our Society. 3rd ed. ed. by Voelker, F. H. Voelker, L. A. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.: 331-333 Atkin, C., Hocking, J. Block, M. (1981) ‘Teenage Drinking: Does Advertising Make a Difference?’ In Media in Society: Readings in Mass Communication. ed. by Deming, C. J. Becker, S. L. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company: 280-289 De Fleur, M. L. Dennis, E. E. (1981) Understanding Mass Communication. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company Bauder, D. (c.2007) Data Says 2.5 Million Less Watching TV. [online] available from http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D8P0F6RG0show_article=1 [17 November 2007] Pember, D. R. (1987) Mass Media in America. Science Research Associates, Inc.          How to cite The Need for Mass Media, Essay examples